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Cardiovascular, renal and PNS > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the peripheral NS convey signals between?

A

CNS and tissues

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2
Q

afferent pathway

A

tissues -> CNS

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3
Q

efferent pathway

A

CNS -> muscles/glands

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4
Q

types of receptors

A

chemoreceptors

photoreceptors

thermoreceptors

mechanoreceptors

nociceptors

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5
Q

main functions of peripheral nervous system

A

contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle in BV and organs

regulation of glandular secretion (exo + endo)

control of HR

metabolism

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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

= self-governing (i.e. subconscious)

split into sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest + digest)

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7
Q

which organs are sympathetic only?

A

sweat glands

BV

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8
Q

which organs are parasympathetic only?

A

ciliary muscles of eye

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9
Q

examples of parasympathetic actions

A

pupil constricts

stimulate salivation

slows HR

constrict bronchi

stimulates digestion

stimulates bile release

stimulates peristalsis + secretion

constricts bladder

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10
Q

examples of sympathetic actions

A

pupils dilate

inhibits salivation

accelerates HR

dilates bronchi

inhibits digestion

stimulates glucose release from liver

stimulates epinephrine + norepinephrine release

inhibits peristalsis + secretion

relaxes bladder

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11
Q

pre-ganglionic neuron

A

cell body in CNS

small diameter + myelinated

synapse @ autonomic ganglion

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12
Q

post-ganglionic neuron

A

cell body in autonomic ganglion

small diameter + unmyelinated

synapse close to target organ

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13
Q

what’s considered the specialised ganglion?

A

adrenal medulla

-> chromaffin cells = specialised post-synaptic neurons

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14
Q

types of nicotinic receptors

A
  1. muscle
  2. neuronal (CNS)
  3. neuronal (autonomic ganglion)
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15
Q

nicotinic receptors - properties

A

ligand-gated ion channels

generate fast excitatory post synaptic potential

Na+ in

K+ out

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16
Q

nicotinic receptors - structure

A

two α3 subunits and 3 beta subunits

17
Q

what happens when the threshold potential is reached?

A

action potential is generated in post-ganglionic cell

= stimulation of skeletal muscle/autonomic ganglia/adrenaline secretion from adrenal medulla

18
Q

what modulates the pre and post synaptic activity?

A

tissue and plasma-derived substances (prostaglandins, histamine, adenosine, bradykinin)

Co-transmission (the ability of a neuron to release multiple transmitter)

19
Q

why is pre and post synaptic activity modulated?

A

different onset/duration of action

control of autonomic activity

different ration of transmitters depending on stimulus activity

20
Q

neurotransmission pathway for sweat glands

A

PRE = ACh (nic)
POST = ACh (mus)

21
Q

neurotransmission pathway for blood vessels

A

PRE = ACh (nic)
POST = NA

22
Q

neurotransmission pathway for salivary glands

A

PRE = ACh (nic)
POST = ACh (mus)

23
Q

what neurotransmitter do most post-sympathetic fibres release?

A

noradrenaline

24
Q

where does NA synthesis take place?

A

initial stage = cytoplasm

final stage = membrane of synaptic vesicle

25
Q

what is the precursor molecule for NA synthesis?

A

L-tyrosine (amino acid)

26
Q

NA synthesis (flow diagram)

A

tyrosine
[tyrosine hydroxylase]
DOPA
[DOPA debcarboxylase]
dopamine
[dopamine beta-hydroxylase]
NA
[phenylthanolamine N-methyltransferase]
adrenaline

27
Q

storage of NA

A

NA conc. low in cytoplasm due to MAO activity

taken into vesicles by VMAT + stored with ATP

28
Q

ATP and NA

A

co-transmitters

opposite charge - prevent leak from vesicles

29
Q

NA transmission

A

removed from synaptic cleft by NET

packaged into terminals by VMAT

uptake into post-synaptic cleft by EMT + metabolised by catechol o-methyl transferase

30
Q

regulation of NA release

A

depolarisation of nerve endings opens Ca2+ channels = vesicle exocytosis = NA release

activates pre-synaptic receptors to inhibit adenylyl cyclase
-> prevents Ca2+ channel opening + release of NA

31
Q

metabolism of noradrenergic transmission

A

METHOD 1 = monoamine oxidase (MAO)
-> found in neurons, liver and GI tract
-> NA to DOMA

METHOD 2 = Catechol-o-methyl transferase
-> metabolises DOMA produced from MAO

Cardiovascular, renal and PNS (16 decks)

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