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+ CAPS 301: Neuro > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are peripheral nerves composed of?

A

bundles of axons

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2
Q

What are the types of peripheral nerves?

A
  • sensory (afferent)
  • motor (efferent)
  • autonomic (also motor)
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3
Q

What do autonomic nerves do?

A

they are motor nerves that are involved in functions that are NOT under voluntary control

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4
Q

What does the efferent autonomic nerve pathway consist of?

A

two-neuron chain between CNS and effector organ

  • 1st neuron: preganglionic
  • 2nd neuron: postganglionic
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5
Q

Motor Neurons

What do motor neurons innervate?

A

striated muscle fibres

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6
Q

Motor Neurons

Where are motor neurons located?

A

cell body (soma) is in CNS

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7
Q

Motor Neurons

What do motor neurons do?

A

release acetylcholine – acts via nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

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8
Q

Sensory Neurons

Where are sensory neurons located?

A

cell body (soma) is outside CNS in sensory ganglia (in PNS)

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9
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies in PNS

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10
Q

Autonomic Neurons

Where are autonomic neurons?

A

in PNS

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11
Q

Autonomic Neurons

What are the 2 types of autonomic neurons?

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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12
Q

Autonomic Neurons

Where is the 1st neuron (preganglionic) in the efferent autonotmic nerve pathway?

A

cell body is in CNS

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13
Q

Autonomic Neurons

Where is the 2nd neuron (postganglionic) in the efferent autonotmic nerve pathway?

A

in autonomic ganglion in periphery

  • sympathetic system: ganglion is close to CNS in sympathetic system
  • parasympathetic system: ganglion is close to, or actually within, the target organ
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14
Q

What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A
  • homeostasis – maintaining stable internal environment
  • controls vegetative systems (life support) – semi-autonomously, and coordinates with endocrine systems
  • blood pressure – HR, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance
  • GI motility
  • salt/water balance
  • pupillary reflexes
  • sexual function
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15
Q

What is the ANS coordinated via? (4)

A
  • some reflexes at spinal cord level
  • medulla (within brainstem)
  • hypothalamus
  • prefrontal cortex – emotional states
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16
Q

What do ANS afferent do?

A

send information into control centres

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17
Q

ANS Afferents

What are baroreceptors?

A

type of mechanoreceptors allowing for relaying info derived from blood pressure within ANS – monitors blood pressure

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18
Q

ANS Afferents

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

in aortic arch and carotid sinus

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19
Q

ANS Afferents

What do osmoreceptors do?

A

regulation of plasma ions

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20
Q

ANS Afferents

Where are thermal receptors located?

A

in skin and CNS

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21
Q

ANS Afferents

What do thermal sensors do?

A

regulate body temperature

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22
Q

ANS Afferents

What do cutaneous receptors do?

A

detect sexual stimuli

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23
Q

ANS Afferents

What do stretch receptors do?

A

monitor distention in lungs, bladder, stomach, bowel

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24
Q

ANS Afferents

What are 6 types of ANS afferents?

A
  • baroreceptors
  • osmoreceptors
  • thermal sensors
  • cutaneous receptors
  • pain fibres in viscera
  • stretch receptors
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25
Q

Describe the structure of the sympathetic nervous system.

A
  • has short cholinergic preganglionic fibres

- has long adrenergic postganglionic fibres

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26
Q

What does cholinergic mean?

A

releases acetylcholine

27
Q

What does adrenergic mean?

A

releases norepinephrine

28
Q

Where does the sympathetic nervous system originate?

A

thoracolumbar regions of spinal cord

29
Q

Describe the structure of the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

has long cholinergic postganglionic fibres

30
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate?

A

in brain and sacral region of spinal cord

31
Q

Do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres innervate the same thing?

A

usually, they both innervate the same effector organs

32
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

modified sympathetic ganglion that releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood

33
Q

What are the catabolic effects of the sympathetic nervous system? (4)

A
  • increased heart rate, stroke volume, and blood pressure
  • increased blood flow to skeletal muscle
  • decreased blood flow to skin
  • fight or flight response
34
Q

What are the anabolic effects of parasympathetic nervous system? (4)

A
  • decreased heart rate, stroke volume, and blood pressure
  • increased GI tract motility and secretions
  • relaxation of sphincters in esophagus, stomach, bladder
  • paradoxical co-activation
35
Q

What happens in the fight or flight response?

A

release of epinephrine/norepinephrine from adrenal medulla stimulates skeletal muscle glycogenolysis

36
Q

What is paradoxical co-activation?

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems activated during intense conflict situations

37
Q

Cranial Nerves

Where do cranial nerves originate?

A

inside cranium and proximal spinal cord

38
Q

Cranial Nerves

What can cranial nerves carry? (3)

A
  • afferent information (fibres)
  • efferent fibres
  • ANS fibres
39
Q

Cranial Nerves

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

40
Q

Cranial Nerves

What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?

A 
I - olfactory
II - optic
III - oculomotor
IV - trochlear
V - trigeminal
VI - abducens
VII - facial
VIII - auditory (vestibulocochlear)
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
XI - accessory
XII - hypoglossal
41
Q

Cranial Nerves

Which cranial nerves are involved in swallowing?

A

IX, X, and XI

vagus (X) is most important

42
Q

Cranial Nerves

Olfactory (I)

  • type
  • function
A

type: sensory
function: smell

43
Q

Cranial Nerves

Optic (II)

  • type
  • function
A

type: sensory
function: vision

44
Q

Cranial Nerves

Oculomotor (III)

  • type (2)
  • function (2)
A

type: motor, voluntary
function: moves eyeball medially (towards midline)

type: motor, autonomic (parasympathetic)

function: constricts pupil and thickens lens

45
Q

Cranial Nerves

Trochlear (IV)

  • type
  • function
A

type: motor, voluntary
function: moves eyeball

46
Q

Cranial Nerves

Trigeminal (V)

  • type (2)
  • function (2)
A

type: motor, voluntary
function: mastication

type: sensory

function: touch, temperature, pain (ie. from face, head, and mouth)

47
Q

Cranial Nerves

Abducens (VI)

  • type
  • function
A

type: motor
function: moves eyeball laterally

48
Q

Cranial Nerves

Facial (VII)

  • type (3)
  • function (3)
A

type: motor, voluntary
function: muscles of facial expression

type: motor, autonomic (parasympathetic)

function: lacrimal and salivary glands

type: sensory

function: taste buds of anterior ⅔ of tongue

49
Q

Cranial Nerves

Auditory/Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

  • type (2)
  • function (2)
A

type: sensory
function: (from cochlea) hearing

type: sensory

function: (from vestibular apparatus) gravity, motion, and position of head

50
Q

Cranial Nerves

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

  • type (5)
  • function (5)
A

type: motor, voluntary

function: pharynx swallowing
- ———————————–
type: motor, autonomic (parasympathetic)

function: salivary glands
- ———————————–
type: sensory

function: taste buds of posterior ⅓ of tongue
- ———————————–
type: sensory

function: carotid sinus baroreceptors
- ———————————–
type: sensory

function: carotid body chemoreceptors

51
Q

Cranial Nerves

Vagus (X)

  • type (4)
  • function (4)
A

type: motor, voluntary

function: pharynx swallowing and larynx phonation
- ———————————–
type: motor, autonomic (parasympathetic)

function: (heart (slows heart rate) to abdominal organs) controls secretion and motility
- ———————————–
type: sensory

function: aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
- ———————————–
type: sensory

function: GI tract

52
Q

Cranial Nerves

Accessory (XI)

  • type (2)
  • function (2)
A

type: motor, voluntary
function: swallowing

type: motor, voluntary

function: shoulder shrugging

53
Q

Cranial Nerves

Hypoglossal (XII)

  • type
  • function
A

type: motor, voluntary
function: tongue

54
Q

Cranial Nerves

Which two cranial nerves have opposing functions? Do they work together?

A

oculomotor (III): moves eyeball medially

abducens (VI): moves eyeball laterally

must work together when we are looking right or left

55
Q

Cranial Nerves

How do cranial nerves III and VI coordinate?

A

by information carried in medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) – tract connecting III nerve nucleus to VI nerve nucleus

56
Q

What do carotid sinus baroreceptors do?

A
  • monitors pressure of arterial blood

- important in reflex regulation of heart rate and BP

57
Q

What do carotid body chemoreceptors do?

A
  • monitors CO2, O2 in arterial blood

- important in control of breathing

58
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

59
Q

What are the functions of spinal nerves?

A
  • all have voluntary motor function

- all (except C1) have sensory fibres

60
Q

What are the 5 types of spinal nerves and how many are there?

A 
8 cervical (C1-C8)
12 thoracic (T1-T12)
5 lumbar (L1-L5)
5 sacral (S1-S5)
1 coccygeal
61
Q

Where do sympathetic fibres arise from?

???

A

all thoracic, and 1st and 2nd lumbar segments (T1-L2)

62
Q

Where does sympathetic innervation of the head come from?

A

upper thoracic spinal nerves

  • none of the cranial nerves carry sympathetic fibres
63
Q

Where are parasympathetic fibres?

???

A

cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X, and S2-S4

64
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionics arise from?

???

A

S2-S4

+ CAPS 301: Neuro (7 decks)

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