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+ CAPS 301: Neuro > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are peripheral nerves composed of?

A

bundles of axons

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2
Q

What are the types of peripheral nerves?

A
  • sensory (afferent)
  • motor (efferent)
  • autonomic (also motor)
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3
Q

What do autonomic nerves do?

A

they are motor nerves that are involved in functions that are NOT under voluntary control

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4
Q

What does the efferent autonomic nerve pathway consist of?

A

two-neuron chain between CNS and effector organ

  • 1st neuron: preganglionic
  • 2nd neuron: postganglionic
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5
Q

Motor Neurons

What do motor neurons innervate?

A

striated muscle fibres

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6
Q

Motor Neurons

Where are motor neurons located?

A

cell body (soma) is in CNS

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7
Q

Motor Neurons

What do motor neurons do?

A

release acetylcholine – acts via nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

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8
Q

Sensory Neurons

Where are sensory neurons located?

A

cell body (soma) is outside CNS in sensory ganglia (in PNS)

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9
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies in PNS

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10
Q

Autonomic Neurons

Where are autonomic neurons?

A

in PNS

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11
Q

Autonomic Neurons

What are the 2 types of autonomic neurons?

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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12
Q

Autonomic Neurons

Where is the 1st neuron (preganglionic) in the efferent autonotmic nerve pathway?

A

cell body is in CNS

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13
Q

Autonomic Neurons

Where is the 2nd neuron (postganglionic) in the efferent autonotmic nerve pathway?

A

in autonomic ganglion in periphery

  • sympathetic system: ganglion is close to CNS in sympathetic system
  • parasympathetic system: ganglion is close to, or actually within, the target organ
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14
Q

What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A
  • homeostasis – maintaining stable internal environment
  • controls vegetative systems (life support) – semi-autonomously, and coordinates with endocrine systems
  • blood pressure – HR, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance
  • GI motility
  • salt/water balance
  • pupillary reflexes
  • sexual function
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15
Q

What is the ANS coordinated via? (4)

A
  • some reflexes at spinal cord level
  • medulla (within brainstem)
  • hypothalamus
  • prefrontal cortex – emotional states
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16
Q

What do ANS afferent do?

A

send information into control centres

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17
Q

ANS Afferents

What are baroreceptors?

A

type of mechanoreceptors allowing for relaying info derived from blood pressure within ANS – monitors blood pressure

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18
Q

ANS Afferents

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

in aortic arch and carotid sinus

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19
Q

ANS Afferents

What do osmoreceptors do?

A

regulation of plasma ions

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20
Q

ANS Afferents

Where are thermal receptors located?

A

in skin and CNS

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21
Q

ANS Afferents

What do thermal sensors do?

A

regulate body temperature

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22
Q

ANS Afferents

What do cutaneous receptors do?

A

detect sexual stimuli

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23
Q

ANS Afferents

What do stretch receptors do?

A

monitor distention in lungs, bladder, stomach, bowel

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24
Q

ANS Afferents

What are 6 types of ANS afferents?

A
  • baroreceptors
  • osmoreceptors
  • thermal sensors
  • cutaneous receptors
  • pain fibres in viscera
  • stretch receptors
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25
Describe the structure of the sympathetic nervous system.
- has short cholinergic preganglionic fibres | - has long adrenergic postganglionic fibres
26
What does cholinergic mean?
releases acetylcholine
27
What does adrenergic mean?
releases norepinephrine
28
Where does the sympathetic nervous system originate?
thoracolumbar regions of spinal cord
29
Describe the structure of the parasympathetic nervous system.
has long cholinergic postganglionic fibres
30
Where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate?
in brain and sacral region of spinal cord
31
Do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres innervate the same thing?
usually, they both innervate the same effector organs
32
What is the adrenal medulla?
modified sympathetic ganglion that releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood
33
What are the catabolic effects of the sympathetic nervous system? (4)
- increased heart rate, stroke volume, and blood pressure - increased blood flow to skeletal muscle - decreased blood flow to skin - fight or flight response
34
What are the anabolic effects of parasympathetic nervous system? (4)
- decreased heart rate, stroke volume, and blood pressure - increased GI tract motility and secretions - relaxation of sphincters in esophagus, stomach, bladder - paradoxical co-activation
35
What happens in the fight or flight response?
release of epinephrine/norepinephrine from adrenal medulla stimulates skeletal muscle glycogenolysis
36
What is paradoxical co-activation?
both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems activated during intense conflict situations
37
Cranial Nerves Where do cranial nerves originate?
inside cranium and proximal spinal cord
38
Cranial Nerves What can cranial nerves carry? (3)
- afferent information (fibres) - efferent fibres - ANS fibres
39
Cranial Nerves How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
40
Cranial Nerves What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?
``` I - olfactory II - optic III - oculomotor IV - trochlear V - trigeminal VI - abducens VII - facial VIII - auditory (vestibulocochlear) IX - glossopharyngeal X - vagus XI - accessory XII - hypoglossal ```
41
Cranial Nerves Which cranial nerves are involved in swallowing?
IX, X, and XI vagus (X) is most important
42
Cranial Nerves Olfactory (I) - type - function
type: sensory function: smell
43
Cranial Nerves Optic (II) - type - function
type: sensory function: vision
44
Cranial Nerves Oculomotor (III) - type (2) - function (2)
type: motor, voluntary function: moves eyeball medially (towards midline) - ----------------------------------- type: motor, autonomic (parasympathetic) function: constricts pupil and thickens lens
45
Cranial Nerves Trochlear (IV) - type - function
type: motor, voluntary function: moves eyeball
46
Cranial Nerves Trigeminal (V) - type (2) - function (2)
type: motor, voluntary function: mastication - ----------------------------------- type: sensory function: touch, temperature, pain (ie. from face, head, and mouth)
47
Cranial Nerves Abducens (VI) - type - function
type: motor function: moves eyeball laterally
48
Cranial Nerves Facial (VII) - type (3) - function (3)
type: motor, voluntary function: muscles of facial expression - ----------------------------------- type: motor, autonomic (parasympathetic) function: lacrimal and salivary glands - ----------------------------------- type: sensory function: taste buds of anterior ⅔ of tongue
49
Cranial Nerves Auditory/Vestibulocochlear (VIII) - type (2) - function (2)
type: sensory function: (from cochlea) hearing - ----------------------------------- type: sensory function: (from vestibular apparatus) gravity, motion, and position of head
50
Cranial Nerves Glossopharyngeal (IX) - type (5) - function (5)
type: motor, voluntary function: pharynx swallowing - ----------------------------------- type: motor, autonomic (parasympathetic) function: salivary glands - ----------------------------------- type: sensory function: taste buds of posterior ⅓ of tongue - ----------------------------------- type: sensory function: carotid sinus baroreceptors - ----------------------------------- type: sensory function: carotid body chemoreceptors
51
Cranial Nerves Vagus (X) - type (4) - function (4)
type: motor, voluntary function: pharynx swallowing and larynx phonation - ----------------------------------- type: motor, autonomic (parasympathetic) function: (heart (slows heart rate) to abdominal organs) controls secretion and motility - ----------------------------------- type: sensory function: aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors - ----------------------------------- type: sensory function: GI tract
52
Cranial Nerves Accessory (XI) - type (2) - function (2)
type: motor, voluntary function: swallowing - ----------------------------------- type: motor, voluntary function: shoulder shrugging
53
Cranial Nerves Hypoglossal (XII) - type - function
type: motor, voluntary function: tongue
54
Cranial Nerves Which two cranial nerves have opposing functions? Do they work together?
oculomotor (III): moves eyeball medially abducens (VI): moves eyeball laterally must work together when we are looking right or left
55
Cranial Nerves How do cranial nerves III and VI coordinate?
by information carried in medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) – tract connecting III nerve nucleus to VI nerve nucleus
56
What do carotid sinus baroreceptors do?
- monitors pressure of arterial blood | - important in reflex regulation of heart rate and BP
57
What do carotid body chemoreceptors do?
- monitors CO2, O2 in arterial blood | - important in control of breathing
58
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
59
What are the functions of spinal nerves?
- all have voluntary motor function | - all (except C1) have sensory fibres
60
What are the 5 types of spinal nerves and how many are there?
``` 8 cervical (C1-C8) 12 thoracic (T1-T12) 5 lumbar (L1-L5) 5 sacral (S1-S5) 1 coccygeal ```
61
Where do sympathetic fibres arise from? ***???***
all thoracic, and 1st and 2nd lumbar segments (T1-L2)
62
Where does sympathetic innervation of the head come from?
upper thoracic spinal nerves - none of the cranial nerves carry sympathetic fibres
63
Where are parasympathetic fibres? ***???***
cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X, and S2-S4
64
Where do parasympathetic preganglionics arise from? ***???***
S2-S4

+ CAPS 301: Neuro (7 decks)

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