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+ CAPS 301: Neuro > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A

anatomically and functionally, into:

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

brain

spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A 
cranial nerves (from brain)
spinal nerves (from spinal cord)
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4
Q

How does the CNS develop?

A

from a hollow tube, where:

  • one end becomes enlarged (rostral)
  • one end is non-enlarged (caudal/tail)
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5
Q

What happens to the rostral end of the developing hollow tube that forms the CNS?

A

ultimately becomes the brain

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6
Q

What happens to the caudal/tail end of the developing hollow tube that forms the CNS?

A

remains as spinal cord

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7
Q

What are the 3 compartments that the rostral end of the hollow tube divide into?

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

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8
Q

What does the forebrain. subdivide into?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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9
Q

What does the midbrain divide into?

A

remains as mesencephalon

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10
Q

What does the hindbrain become?

A

metencephalon (pons) and myelencephalon (medulla)

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11
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

outgrowth from hindbrain that is involved in control of movement

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12
Q

Telencephalon

What are the 2 structures involved?

A

cerebrum

basal ganglia

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13
Q

Telencephalon

What is the cerebrum composed of?

A

2 cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

Telencephalon

What is the cerebrum the site of

A

site of ‘highest’ level of neuronal processing responsible for motor activity, sensory perception, consciousness, etc.

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15
Q

Telencephalon

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

outer layer of cerebrum composed of grey matter

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16
Q

Telencephalon

What is the grey matter of the cerebrum?

A

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, synapses

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17
Q

Telencephalon

What is the white matter of the cerebrum?

A

myelinated axons arranged in discrete bundles (tracts), located below cortex

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18
Q

Telencephalon

How much volume of the brain does the cerebrum make up?

A

~85% total brain volume

  • after 11 weeks, expanding cerebral hemispheres have overgrown diencephalon
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19
Q

Telencephalon

What do basal ganglia do?

A

involved in movement control

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20
Q

Diencephalon

What are the 2 structures that arise?

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

21
Q

Diencephalon

What does the thalamus do?

A

important relay station for processing information going to cerebrum

22
Q

Diencephalon

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

fundamental role in regulation of ‘automatic’ bodily functions

23
Q

Brainstem

What are the 3 structures that make up the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

24
Q

Brainstem

What are 2 other components in the brainstem?

A

white matter

nuclei

25
Q

Brainstem

What does white matter do?

A

carry information to or from cortex

26
Q

Brainstem

Where is white matter found?

A

all levels of brainstem contain tracts of white matter

27
Q

Brainstem

What are nuclei?

A

groups of cell bodies

28
Q

Brainstem

What do nuclei do?

A

responsible for function of cranial nerves

29
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

set of interconnected nuclei located throughout brainstem, forming central core of brainstem

30
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the reticular formation?

A

ascending: responsible for generation and maintenance of arousal and consciousness
descending: responsible for generation and maintenance of muscle tone

respiratory and cardiovascular centres: of fundamental importance, located in medulla

31
Q

What are ventricles?

A

series of chambers developed from a cavity of the primitive tube

32
Q

What are the 4 ventricles?

A

lateral ventricles (2 – left and right)
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

33
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles (2)?

A

left and right cerebral hemispheres

34
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle?

A

(midline) located in diencephalon, between thalami

35
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle?

A

located between dorsal surface of pons and overlying cerebellum

36
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

37
Q

What does CSF fill?

A

ventricles

38
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

produced continuously by choroid plexus (specialized tissue)

39
Q

What happens to CSF if there’s an obstruction somewhere?

A

fluid will accumulate upstream to the obstruction – results in hydrocephalus

40
Q

Where does CSF travel?

A
  1. CSF leaves ventricular system via apertures between cerebellum and medulla
  2. fluid fills space surrounding entire CNS (brain and spinal cord) – ~90% of CSF volume is in this space
41
Q

What system is CSF apart of?

A

ventricular system

42
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  • buoyant effect – protects against tendency of various forces (including gravity) to distort brain
  • excretion of waste (metabolic by-products from neurons and glia)
  • transport of hormones
43
Q

What are the 3 membranes that cover the outer surface of CNS?

A

pia mater
arachnoid membrane
dura mater

44
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

inner membrane layer – follows indentations of surface

45
Q

What is the arachnoid membrane?

A

middle membrane layer – fits ‘loosely’ over surface

46
Q

What space does the arachnoid membrane create?

A

subarachnoid space – space between pia mater and arachnoid membrane

47
Q

Describe CSF in the arachnoid membrane.

A
  • CSF is located beneath

- arachnoid membrane has rich blood supply (veins) – CSF is reabsorbed back into veins at this site

48
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

outer membrane layer– very thick and tough, with a protective function

+ CAPS 301: Neuro (7 decks)

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