Period 8

Question 1

Containment

Answer 1

A policy based in the belief that if communism could be kept within its existing boundaries, it would collapse under the weight of its internal weaknesses

Question 2

Truman Doctrine

Answer 2

1947 policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Question 3

Marshall Plan

Answer 3

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. Created to stem unrest that could lead to communist revolutions

Question 4

Berlin Airlift

Answer 4

1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of West Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
Russia hoped to force the West out of Berlin, but eventually relented

Question 5

NATO

Answer 5

The First peace time alliance the United States belonged to. It made a promise to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Question 6

Joseph McCarthy

Answer 6

1950’s Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in the state department but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential

Question 7

38th Parallel

Answer 7

After North Korean forces were forced back behind this Truman gave MacArthur permission to pursue communists into their own territory. He was moving beyond the policy of containment and envisioning a rollback of communist power. It separated north and south Korea.

Question 8

Proxy War

Answer 8

Wars in which the superpowers backed different sides that acted as substitutes (proxies) for the superpowers themselves examples would be the Korean War and the Vietnam war.

Question 9

CIA

Answer 9

Agency of the United States government. used to obtain and analyze information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order to advise public policymakers. It was also involved in covert operations.

Question 10

Sputnik

Answer 10

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Question 11

Suez Canal Crisis

Answer 11

1954 Egyptian leader Abdel Nasser seizes control of the Suez Canal, led to British and French troops being sent into the canal zone, ended when Eisenhower insisted Britain and France leave before the Soviets enter on the side of the Egyptians

Question 12

Massive Retaliation

Answer 12

Eisenhower’s policy; it advocated the full use of American nuclear weapons to counteract even a Soviet ground attack in Europe

Question 13

Decolonization

Answer 13

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.
Led to the US and Soviet Union fighting for influence in these new states

Question 14

Ho Chi Minh

Answer 14

Vietnamese leader who is responsible for ousting first the French, then the United States from his country. Supported by both communist China and the Soviet Union he achieved his goal of a united communist Vietnam in 1975

Question 15

Military Industrial Complex

Answer 15

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

Question 16

Bay of Pigs

Answer 16

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Question 17

Cuban Missile Crisis

Answer 17

1962 A Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter’s placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. The Soviet Union turned back with concessions from the U.S. that missiles would be removed from Turkey and that the U.S. would not invade Cuba.

Question 18

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Answer 18

1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to South Vietnam and fight a war against North Vietnam.

Question 19

Tet Offensive

Answer 19

1968 NLF and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet). The U.S. won the battles but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment.

Question 20

Bombing of Cambodia

Answer 20

US troops invaded Cambodia to clear out north Vietnamese and Vietcong supply centers (Ho Minh Trail) many college students protested, one protest was at Kent State

Question 21

Kent State Shooting

Answer 21

Killing of 4 students who were protesting the war by the national guard

Question 22

Fall of Saigon

Answer 22

Marked the end of the Vietnam War in April, 1975 when North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam, forcing all Americans left to flee in disarray as the capitol was taken

Question 23

Afghanistan

Answer 23

1979-1988: The war in this country was a nine-year proxy war during the Cold War involving the Soviet Union against the Afghan Mujahideen guerrilla movement. The mujahideen received unofficial military and/or financial support from a variety of countries including the United States, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, and Israel.

Question 24

Détente

Answer 24

A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. Nixon started this policy based on “realism” and an example is when he visited China

Question 25

SALT

Answer 25

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks- A pact that served to freeze the numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for five years in 1972. This treaty between Nixon (U.S.), China, and the Soviet Union served to slow the arms race that had been going on between these nations since World War II.

Question 26

Israel

Answer 26

This state was created by the U.N. following WWII. In 1967, Israel launched the Six Day War against Egypt and her allies. Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sinai Peninsula. The U.S.'s pro-Israel foreign policy has been a source of tension in the Middle East.

Question 27

OPEC

Answer 27

This organization's embargo in 1973 created an energy crisis in the U.S. This oil cartel doubled their petroleum charges in 1979, helping American inflation rise well above 13%.

Question 28

Iran

Answer 28

C.I.A. sponsored a coup in 1953 to overthrow Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq, who had began nationalizing oil. Following the coup, the U.S. had close ties with pro-Western Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi until he was overthrown during the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The Shah fled to the U.S. Resentment over this leads to the Hostage Crisis.

Question 29

Iraq

Answer 29

The U.S. supported Hussein in its war against Iran. However, the U.S. fought against the Hussein regime in 1990 after the invasion of Kuwait and again in 2003.

Question 30

Star Wars

Answer 30

The Strategic Defense Initiative this was President Reagan's proposed weapons system to destroy Soviet missiles from space. It was never implemented

Question 31

Fall of Berlin Wall

Answer 31

This event in 1989 marked the symbolic end of the Cold War and was the beginning of the collapse of communism in eastern Europe

Question 32

Interstate Highway Act

Answer 32

1950s plan to build 41,000 mi of highway; met the need of suburban growth and was a means to transport missiles

Question 33

Little Rock Nine

Answer 33

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Question 34

Brown vs. Board of Education

Answer 34

1954 court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Question 35

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Answer 35

leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) believed in non-violent civil disobedience. Most famous speech, "I have a dream."

Question 36

Sit Ins

Answer 36

Non violent protest where people sit at lunch counters and refuse to leave until served

Question 37

Betty Friedan

Answer 37

1960's she wrote "The Feminine Mystique," an account of housewives' lives in which they subordinated their own aspirations to the needs of men she sparked the women's rights movement. She later help create NOW

Question 38

Great Society

Answer 38

This was part of President Johnson's war on poverty. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education

Question 39

Civil Rights Act

Answer 39

1964 This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Question 40

Voting Rights Act

Answer 40

1965 A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.

Question 41

Black Nationalism

Answer 41

The idea the African-Americans should take pride in their achievements and to reject assimilation into white society. Nationalism also spread to other groups such as Native Americans and Latino Americans.

Question 42

Stokely Carmichael

Answer 42

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the SNCC. He worked with MLK but later changed his attitude. He urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and advocated Black Power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Question 43

Fair Deal

Answer 43

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress

Question 44

Watergate scandal

Answer 44

A botched Republican engineered break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters in Washington D.C., that eventually forced Nixon to resign in 1974.

Question 45

Carter

Answer 45

He appealed to the U.S. as an outsider in the 1976 election as a peanut farmer. He had a troubled presidency that included the Iran Hostage Crisis, an energy crisis after the OPEC oil embargo and an economic downturn called stagflation.

Question 46

Roe v. Wade

Answer 46

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional.

Question 47

Ronald W. Reagan

Answer 47

Ushered in an era of economic conservativsm. While president, he cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-Contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Question 48

Levittown

Answer 48

1947 Mass-produced housing development -> Levittown, started in Long Island, copied across country

Question 49

Jack Kerouac

Answer 49

A key author of the Beat movement whose best-selling novel, "On the Road" helped define the movement.

Question 50

Graying of America

Answer 50

the aging of the American population, or increase of the proportion of elderly citizens, caused by a declining birth rate and increased life expectancy. Caused an increase in costliness of Social Security pensions, rapid increase in health costs, and meant the elderly would be politically formidable.

Question 51

Baby Boom

Answer 51

An increase in population by almost 30 million people. This spurred a growth in suburbs and three to four children families.

Question 52

Beatniks

Answer 52

A group of rebellious writers and intellectuals: led by Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg: advocated spontaneity, drugs, and rebellion against societal standards

Question 53

Consumer Culture

Answer 53

a culture in which personal worth and identity reside not in the people themselves but in the products with which they surround themselves

Question 54

Counterculture

Answer 54

People, for example the Hippies, that reject normal societal values. For example: free love, communalism, and drug use.

Question 55

Woodstock

Answer 55

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s

Question 56

Immigration Act of 1965

Answer 56

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

Question 57

Silent Spring

Answer 57

sparked a real environmentalist movement: which introduced the adverse environmental effects of DDT and the fact that it would kill the environment and there would be no birds to sing.- a silent spring.

Question 58

Phyllis Schlafly

Answer 58

A conservative female political activist. She stopped the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) from being passed, seeing that it would hinder women more than it would help them.

Question 59

Bakke v. University of California

Answer 59

Supreme Court case dealing with affirmative action that ruled that affirmative action programs in principle are constitutional, but a strict quota system wasn't.

Question 60

Rust Belt

Answer 60

A term introduced in the 1980s to describe a region of the country devoted to manufacturing. With the loss of manufacturing, many parts of this region are in severe decline.