Period 7 Flashcards
Imperialism
The policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means of acquiring and maintaining control over other countries or territories
Justification
The act of providing a reason or rationale for something, often used in the context of justifying actions taken by a government or other authority.
McKinley Tariff
A tariff passed by the United States Congress in 1890 that raised tariffs on imported goods to protect domestic industries, named after President William McKinley.
Conditions in Cuba
The political, social, and economic situation in Cuba in the late 19th century, marked by widespread poverty, political corruption, and a desire for independence from Spain.
Yellow Journalism
A type of journalism characterized by sensationalism, exaggeration, and sometimes false information, intended to attract readers and increase circulation.
De Lome Letter
A private letter written by the Spanish Ambassador to the United States, Enrique Dupuy de Lome, in 1898 that criticized President William McKinley and was intercepted and published by American newspapers, further inflaming tensions between the United States and Spain.
USS Maine
An American battleship that exploded and sank in Havana Harbor in 1898, leading to the United States declaring war on Spain and beginning the Spanish-American War.
TR’s shenanigans
Refers to the various actions and policies of President Theodore Roosevelt during his presidency, including his use of executive power, his foreign policy initiatives, and his domestic reform efforts.
“Splendid little war”
A term used to describe the Spanish-American War by Secretary of State John Hay, suggesting that the war was short, successful, and relatively bloodless.
Acquisitions
Refers to the territorial and economic gains made by the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the acquisition of territories such as Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
Hawaii
An island chain in the Pacific Ocean that was annexed by the United States in 1898, becoming a territory in 1900 and a state in 1959.
Platt Amendment
An amendment to the Cuban constitution imposed by the United States in 1901, which limited Cuba’s ability to make treaties with other countries and granted the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.
Open Door (1899)
A policy proposed by the United States in 1899 that called for equal trading rights and access to China for all countries, without colonization or control by any single country.
Boxer Rebellion (1899)
An uprising in China by a secret society known as the Boxers, who opposed foreign influence and sought to expel all foreigners from China.
Filipino Insurrection (1899-1902)
An armed conflict between the United States and Filipino nationalists who opposed American rule in the Philippines, following the Spanish-American War.
Insular Cases (1901)
A series of Supreme Court cases that determined the status of territories acquired by the United States during the Spanish-American War, including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
Does the Constitution follow the flag?
A legal and political question raised by the acquisition of territories by the United States, which asked whether the protections and rights guaranteed by the Constitution applied to people living in those territories.
Does the Constitution follow the flag?
A legal and political question raised by the acquisition of territories by the United States, which asked whether the protections and rights guaranteed by the Constitution applied to people living in those territories.
Panama (1903)
The United States supported a revolution in Panama against Colombia, leading to the establishment of an independent Panama and the construction of the Panama Canal.
Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the United States had the right to intervene in Latin American countries to prevent European countries from doing so.
Great White Fleet
A group of American battleships that circumnavigated the globe in 1907-1909, as a display of American naval power and to promote goodwill
Japan: RJ War (1905)
The Russo-Japanese War was fought between Russia and Japan over territorial claims in Northeast Asia. The war ended in a Japanese victory and established Japan as a major world power.
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1908
An informal agreement between the United States and Japan in which the US agreed to stop the segregation of Japanese children in public schools in California, and Japan agreed to stop the issuance of passports to Japanese laborers seeking to immigrate to the US.
Big Stick Diplomacy
A foreign policy approach that involves the use of military power to achieve US objectives in international affairs. This approach was famously associated with President Theodore Roosevelt, who believed in “speaking softly and carrying a big stick.”
Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)
A foreign policy approach that emphasizes the use of economic power to achieve US objectives in international affairs. This approach was associated with President William Howard Taft.
Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)
A foreign policy approach that emphasizes the promotion of democratic ideals and human rights in international affairs. This approach was associated with President Woodrow Wilson.
Progressive Era
A period of social and political reform in the United States from the 1890s to the 1920s. Progressives sought to address issues such as political corruption, economic inequality, and social injustice.
Changing the role of Government Part 1
A shift in the role of the federal government during the Progressive Era, from a focus on limited government to an emphasis on using government power to promote social and economic welfare.
Muckrakers
Journalists and writers during the Progressive Era who exposed social and political corruption through investigative reporting.
3C + 4A - Wall-cubed + Democracy = Progressive Era
A formula coined by Progressive reformer Mary Parker Follett that represents the key ideas of the Progressive Era. The formula stands for “control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources, the four A’s (anti-trust, anti-monopoly, anti-bossism, and anti-spoils), less Wall Street and more Main Street, and more democracy.”
Wisconsin
A state that became a laboratory for Progressive reforms during the early 20th century, with Governor Robert La Follette implementing a number of Progressive measures such as primary elections and workers’ compensation.
Trust Busting
The breaking up of large corporations, or trusts, that were seen as monopolistic and harmful to competition. Trust busting was a key policy during the Progressive Era.
WW1
World War I, a global war fought from 1914 to 1918.
Neutrality
A policy of non-involvement in foreign conflicts, often adopted by countries to avoid being drawn into wars or conflicts.
Lusitania (1915)
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German submarine in 1915, killing over 1,100 people including 128 Americans. The sinking of the Lusitania was a major factor in the US decision to enter World War I.
1916 Election
The presidential election held in 1916, which saw incumbent President Woodrow Wilson defeat Republican challenger Charles Evans Hughes.
Zimmerman Telegram
A secret communication from Germany to Mexico during World War I proposing a military alliance against the United States. The telegram was intercepted by British intelligence and ultimately helped to bring the US into the war.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
A naval tactic used by Germany during World War I in which submarines would sink any ships in enemy waters, including civilian vessels. This tactic was a major factor in the US decision to enter the war.
Reasons to oppose the war
Some Americans opposed entering World War I for reasons such as pacifism, isolationism, or opposition to US involvement in European affairs.
Reasons to support the war
There were several reasons why people supported the US entry into World War I, including a desire to protect American economic interests, a sense of duty to protect democracy and freedom, and a belief that the war would help to make the world a safer place.
Committee on Public Information
The Committee on Public Information was a propaganda agency created by the US government during World War I to shape public opinion and promote support for the war effort. It was headed by journalist George Creel and employed a variety of tactics, including posters, pamphlets, and speeches, to persuade Americans to support the war.
Impact of Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1917 had a significant impact on World War I and on world history more broadly. The revolution led to the overthrow of the Russian monarchy and the establishment of a socialist government led by the Bolsheviks. This in turn led to Russia’s withdrawal from the war and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which gave Germany significant territorial gains in the East.
Civil Liberties
Civil liberties are basic rights and freedoms that are guaranteed to individuals by law, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to a fair trial. These rights are protected by the US Constitution and are central to American democracy.
Espionage Act (1917)
The Espionage Act was a law passed by Congress in 1917 that made it illegal to interfere with military operations or to promote the success of America’s enemies during times of war. The law was controversial because it was used to suppress anti-war dissent and limit free speech
Sedition Act (1918)
The Sedition Act was a law passed by Congress in 1918 that made it illegal to criticize the government, the flag, or the military during times of war. Like the Espionage Act, the Sedition Act was used to suppress dissent and limit free speech.
Schenck vs. US (1919)
Schenck v. United States was a landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act. The case involved Charles Schenck, a socialist who was arrested for distributing anti-war pamphlets. The Court ruled that Schenck’s actions posed a clear and present danger to national security and that the government had the right to restrict free speech during times of war.
“Over There”
“Over There” is a patriotic song written by George M. Cohan in 1917 that became an anthem for American soldiers fighting in World War I. The song encourages Americans to support the war effort and portrays American soldiers as brave and heroic.
Impact of AEF
The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) were the US military forces sent to Europe during World War I. The AEF played a significant role in the Allied victory, and their success helped to establish the United States as a major world power.
14 points
The Fourteen Points were a set of proposals made by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918 as a basis for peace negotiations after World War I. The points included proposals for disarmament, free trade, and the creation of a League of Nations to prevent future wars.
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty that ended World War I. It was signed in 1919 and imposed harsh penalties on Germany, including significant territorial losses and large financial reparations. The treaty is widely seen as a contributing factor to the outbreak of World War II.
Failure to Ratify (Henry Cabot Lodge)
Henry Cabot Lodge was a US senator who played a key role in the failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. Lodge was a Republican who opposed many of Wilson’s proposals, including the establishment of a League of Nations. He led a successful effort to block ratification of the reservationists.
Reservationists
A group of US senators who supported the Treaty of Versailles after World War I, but with certain reservations or amendments. They believed that the League of Nations could threaten US sovereignty and wanted to limit its power.
Irreconcilables
A group of US senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. They believed that the US should not get involved in international affairs and that the League would drag the country into future wars.
1920 Election
The US presidential election held in 1920, which was won by Republican candidate Warren G. Harding. The election was notable for being the first in which women could vote nationwide.
Washington Naval Conference (1921)
An international conference held in Washington, D.C. in 1921 to discuss naval disarmament and the reduction of military tensions between major world powers, including the US, UK, Japan, France, and Italy.
Dawes Plan (1924)
An economic plan proposed by American banker Charles G. Dawes in 1924 to help Germany pay off its war reparations to the Allies. The plan restructured Germany’s debt and provided loans to the country.
