period 3 terms list B 1 Flashcards
What is the First Industrial Revolution?
A period of time in which manufacturing shifted from handmade goods to things built in factories by machines.
What is the Second Industrial Revolution?
A shift in focus on electricity, gasoline, and large-scale industrial manufacturing.
What does ‘enclosure’ refer to?
Landowners built fences or hedges and used fields for crops, pushing tenants off that land.
Who were the sepoys?
Indian soldiers trained in European warfare who served in the British army.
What is the Raj?
The period/government that gave Britain direct control over India, removing the British East India Company from its control over the colony from 1858-1947.
What is a settler colony?
A colony in which people from the home country create permanent homes and communities, usually able to dominate government, society, and economy.
What was the Boer War?
A conflict from 1899-1902 between British and Dutch Afrikaner/Boers in South Africa over control of land rich in minerals; British won.
What were the Tanzimat reforms?
Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876 to maintain control over its territory.
What is the Suez Canal?
Built to connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas through Egypt; made transportation faster and easier between Europe and Asia.
What were the Opium Wars?
Fought between Britain and Qing China beginning in 1839 due to Qing’s attempts to prevent British selling opium in China.
What was the Taiping Rebellion?
A massive rebellion in southern China in the 1850s and 1860s led by Hong Xinquan, influenced by Christianity.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
A resistance movement supported by the Qing government that attempted to force all foreigners out of China in 1900.
What was the Meiji Restoration?
The restoration of the emperor’s power from shogunate in 1868, aiming to industrialize while maintaining traditional cultures.
What is Social Darwinism?
A theory based on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection that argues people are born with certain abilities that decide their social class; it supports the belief that wealth or poverty is due to personal choices and inherent abilities, not social or political advantages.
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
An American law passed in 1882 that banned Chinese people from immigrating to the U.S. and made reentry difficult to ‘protect’ American jobs and culture from undesirable foreign influences.
Not officially repealed until the 1940s.
What was the White Australia Policy?
Actions taken by Australian governments to encourage immigration for white Europeans while limiting or preventing others from immigrating, including requiring European language tests.
Eventually passed as the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901.
What is indentured servitude?
A contract-based labor system in which someone works off a debt for a set amount of time but is freed after the period is over.
What was the British East India Company?
A British trading company based in the Indian Ocean that controlled trade in tea, opium, and other goods; it was able to create its own government and military in colonies to support imperialism.
What was the Dutch East India Company?
A Dutch trading company that concentrated on goods from Indonesia and Southeast Asia; it lost power and influence by 1800.
What is corvée labor?
A forced labor system in which people work as a way to pay taxes, such as building roads, bridges, and government buildings.
What was the Berlin Conference?
A meeting organized by German Otto von Bismarck to settle European claims to territories/colonies in Africa; British, French, Germans, Portuguese, and Belgian officials divided Africa and claimed specific territories for themselves.
No African representatives were part of the meeting.
Who is an Afrikaner?
A South African person descended from Dutch and/or French colonists, also called Boers; many resisted British control of South Africa.
What is a Sphere of Influence?
An area in which a foreign government has power, influence, or partial control but is not part of that state’s territory.
What is a penal colony?
An area established to house prisoners outside of the home country.
What was the Treaty of Waitangi?
An agreement between British and Maori government (New Zealand) that was supposed to help settle disagreements over British colonization and establish a government.
The Maori disputed the translation and argued that the British tricked them into giving up control of their land.
What is the Monroe Doctrine?
An American policy developed by President Monroe in 1823 that declared the Americas free from European colonization and called for America to fight Europeans who attempted to colonize any territories in the Americas.
What is Pan-Africanism?
A movement within Africa and African diasporic communities that argued that all people of African descent have a shared history and should unite to protect their shared interests.
It is controversial because it ignores or deemphasizes differences in African cultures and diasporic African cultures.
What is an ethnic enclave?
A practice in which immigrants who share home cultures and their descendants live together and separate themselves from other cultures; often develop into neighborhoods associated with an outside culture.
Examples include Chinatown, barrio, Germantown, etc.
What is paternalism?
The belief that Europeans and white Americans controlled people of color in the way a father controls his family.
