period 3 terms list A Flashcards
What is Enlightenment?
Movement based on the attempt to understand society and government by applying the Scientific Method.
Enlightenment thinkers applied natural laws to people and governments.
Define nationalism.
Belief/movement that supports the idea that a people with a common culture, ethnicity, language, history, and/or territory should have its own government and loyalty to the group.
What is empiricism?
Method of studying the world and using observations and experiments to test hypotheses and record results.
Who is a philosophes?
Enlightenment thinker/writer/philosopher who used satire and educational books to challenge religion, government, and society.
What is a social contract?
Agreement by which citizens give up specific powers to the government in exchange for protection.
Define laissez-faire.
Economic term that calls for the government to be completely separated from the economy.
What is capitalism?
Economic system based on the government not interfering with the economy, using supply and demand to set prices.
What does conservatism advocate?
Political belief that the government should be limited to protect individual freedoms and preserve tradition.
What is the Fabian Society?
British group that wanted to slowly introduce socialism into the government instead of overthrowing it.
Define classical liberalism.
Political belief that governments should not threaten individual freedoms.
What is feminism?
Movement that challenged the patriarchy’s belief that women are inferior to men.
What is Zionism?
19th-century movement that wanted to create a Jewish country and government in Palestine.
Define anti-Semitism.
Beliefs or actions that threaten Jewish people, ideas, cultures, societies.
What is the Dreyfus Affair?
Political scandal in France involving the false conviction of Alfred Dreyfus due to his Jewish religion.
What was the Estates System?
Organization of social classes in pre-Revolution France with different expectations, rights, and protections.
Who were the sans-culottes?
Middle and working-class French citizens who wanted more representation in government during the French Revolution.
What was the Committee of Public Safety?
Government organization created during the French Revolution, responsible for protecting the government from threats.
Define grands blancs.
People of European descent who owned land and plantations in Haiti.
What were the petit blancs?
People of European descent who did not own land but aligned with the 3rd Estate in the French and Haitian Revolution.
What was the Seneca Falls Convention?
1848 meeting to organize the American women’s rights movement, producing the Declaration of Sentiments.
What was the Reign of Terror?
Period in which Maximilien Robespierre controlled France and executed perceived threats to power.
What was the Congress of Vienna?
Group that met from 1814-1815 to reorganize European governments after Napoleon’s defeat.
Define Realpolitik.
Belief that governments should act in their own interests without trying to be morally right.
What was the Chartist Movement?
Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s.
Who were the Centralists in Latin America?
Politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers.
What did Federalists in Latin America support?
Regional governments rather than centralized administrations.
What was the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo?
Ratified by the United States; Mexico lost one-half of its territory.
Define Romanticism.
Artistic and literary movement in the 19th century emphasizing emotion and impression.
What is socialism?
Economic system where the government makes some decisions about businesses but they are still privately owned.
Define communism.
Economic philosophy where all means of production are owned by the people, with no private property.
