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AQA Chemistry > Period 3 elements and thier oxides > Flashcards

Period 3 elements and thier oxides Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens to the radius across the period?

A

Atomic radius decreases

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2
Q

What happens to the first ionisation across the period?

A

First ionisation (generally) increases.

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3
Q

What happens to the melting point across the period?

A

Melting points generally increase then decrease.

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4
Q

What happens to the reactivity down group 2?

A

Group 2 increase in reactivity down the group.

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5
Q

What happens to the reactivity down group 7?

A

Group 7 decrease in reactivity down the group.

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6
Q

What is Acidified barium chloride used to test for?

A

Acidified barium chloride is used to test for sulfate ions, giving a white precipitate.

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7
Q

What is Acidified silver nitrate used to test for?

A

Acidified silver nitrate is used to test for halide ions a white precipitate for chloride, a cream for bromide and yellow for iodide.

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8
Q

How does sodium react with water?

A

Sodium reacts vigorously with water.

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9
Q

What happens with sodium reacts with water?

A

Observations it floats, moves on the surface, fizzes. Forms a silver ball and eventually disappears.

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10
Q

Give the equation for the reaction of sodium and water.

A

2Na + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + H2

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11
Q

Does sodium and water make an acidic or alkaline solution?

A

It forms an alkaline pH, the more sodium added the more alkaline.

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12
Q

How does Magnesium react with water?

A

Magnesium reacts very slowly with water.

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13
Q

Give the equation for the reaction of magnesium and water.

A

Mg + 2H2O -> Mg(OH)2+ H2

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14
Q

Does magnesium and water make an acidic or alkaline solution?

A

It has a very slightly alkaline pH.

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15
Q

How does magnesium react with steam?

A

It reacts vigorously with steam

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16
Q

Give the equation for the reaction of magnesium and steam.

A

Mg + H20(g) -> MgO + H2O

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17
Q

What would you see when magnesium burns?

A

Observations: The magnesium burns with a bright white light, white solid is formed (magnesium oxide)

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18
Q

Describe the bonding in sodium oxide

A

Sodium oxide is an ionic, basic oxide

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19
Q

Give the formula for sodium oxide

A

Its formula is Na2O

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20
Q

Describe the appearance of sodium oxide

A

It is a white solid.

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21
Q

Describe and explain the melting point of sodium oxide.

A

It has a high melting point due to its ionic lattice which has strong electrostatic forces of attraction which require lots of energy to break.

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22
Q

How is sodium oxide formed?

A

It is formed from the reaction between sodium and oxygen.

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23
Q

What do you see when sodium burns.

A

A yellow flame is observed and a white solid formed.

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24
Q

What do you have to do to get sodium to burn?

A

This happens spontaneously in air.

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25
Q

What other product can also be formed when sodium reacts with oxygen?

A

Some sodium peroxide Na2O2 will also be formed which is highly reactive.

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26
Q

What happens when sodium oxide reacts with water?

A

Sodium oxide reacts with water to produce a colourless solution of sodium hydroxide.

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27
Q

Give the equation for the reaction of sodium oxide and water.

A

Na2O + H2O -> 2NaOH

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28
Q

How does sodium oxide react with acid.

A

It is a base so reacts with acid to form salt and water.

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29
Q

What happens when sodium oxide is placed into water?

A

In water the sodium oxide dissolves and the oxide ion acts a base and accepts H+ ions from water or acid.

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30
Q

Give the ionic equation for the reaction of oxide ions and water.

A

O2- + H2O ->2OH-

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31
Q

Give the ionic equation for the reaction of hydrogen ions and water.

A

O2- + 2H+ ->H2O

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32
Q

Describe the bonding in Magnesium oxide

A

Magnesium oxide is an ionic, basic oxide.

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33
Q

Give the formula for Magnesium oxide

A

Its formula is MgO

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34
Q

Describe the appearance of Magnesium oxide

A

It is a white solid.

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35
Q

Describe and explain the melting point of Magnesium oxide.

A

It has a high melting point due to its ionic lattice which has strong electrostatic forces of attraction which require lots of energy to break.

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36
Q

Why does magnesium oxide have a higher melting point that sodium oxide?

A

It’s melting point is higher than sodium oxide as it has a higher charge and a smaller radius than the sodium ion so the forces of attraction are stronger.

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37
Q

How is Magnesium oxide formed?

A

It is formed from the reaction between Magnesium and oxygen.

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38
Q

What do you see when Magnesium burns.

A

A white flame is observed and a white solid formed.

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39
Q

What happens when Magnesium oxide reacts with water?

A

Magnesium oxide is sparingly soluble in water but some does react to form magnesium hydroxide.

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40
Q

Give the equation for the reaction of sodium oxide and water.

A

MgO + H2O ->Mg(OH)2

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41
Q

What is the pH of magnesium hydroxide?

A

The pH is slightly alkaline with a pH of about 9.

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42
Q

How does magnesium oxide react with acid?

A

It is a base so reacts with acids to produce a salt and water.

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43
Q

Describe the structure and bonding in Silicon dioxide

A

Silicon dioxide is a covalent, acidic oxide.

44
Q

Give the formula of silicon dioxide

A

Its formula is SiO2

45
Q

Describe the appearance of silicon dioxide

A

It is a white powder.

46
Q

Describe the structure and bonding in Silicon Dioxide

A

It is a covalent, macromolecular (giant covalent) structure.

47
Q

Describe and explain the melting point of Silicon Dioxide.

A

It has a high melting point as it has lots of strong covalent bonds which need to be broken which takes a lot of energy.

48
Q

What happens when Silicon dioxide reacts with oxygen?

A

Finley divided silicon reacts with oxygen when heated.

49
Q

What happens when Silicon dioxide reacts with water?

A

It doesn’t react or dissolve in water.

50
Q

What is the pH of Silicon dioxide?

A

It has a pH of 7.

51
Q

How does Silicon dioxide react with bases?

A

It reacts with bases to form silicates SiO32-

52
Q

How does Silicon dioxide react with sodium hydroxide?

A

It reacts with hot concentrated sodium hydroxide.

53
Q

Give the ionic equation for the reaction of Silicon dioxide react sodium hydroxide?

A

SiO2 + 2OH- -> SiO32-+ H2O.

54
Q

Describe the structure and bonding in Phosphorous (V) oxide

A

Phosphorous (V) oxide is a covalent, acidic oxide.

55
Q

Give the formula of Phosphorous (V) oxide

A

Its molecular formula is P4O10

56
Q

Describe the appearance of Phosphorous (V) oxide

A

It a white solid.

57
Q

Describe the structure and bonding in Phosphorous (V) oxide

A

It is a covalent, molecular (simple covalent) structure.

58
Q

Describe and explain the melting point of Phosphorous (V) oxide.

A

Its melting point is lower as less energy is needed to break the weaker intermolecular forces.

59
Q

What happens when Phosphorous (V) oxide reacts with oxygen?

A

Phosphorous burns spontaneously in air with a very bright white flame and forms white smoke which is a combination of oxides. In excess oxygen you get almost all Phosphorous (V) oxide.

60
Q

What happens when Phosphorous (V) oxide reacts with water?

A

It reacts with water to produce phosphoric (V) acid H3PO4.

61
Q

What is the pH of Phosphorous (V) oxide?

A

Phosphorous oxide is an acidic oxide and reacts with bases forming phosphate salts with the ion PO43-.

62
Q

Give the ionic equation for the reaction of Phosphorous (V) oxide with sodium hydroxide.

A

12OH- + P4O10 -> 4 PO43- + 6H2O.

63
Q

Does Phosphorous (V) oxide react with acids or bases?

A

It reacts with basic oxides such as magnesium and sodium.

64
Q

Give the equation for the reaction of Phosphorous (V) oxide with sodium oxide.

A

6Na2O + P4O10 -> 4Na3PO4

65
Q

Give the equation for the reaction of Phosphorous (V) oxide with Magnesium oxide.

A

6MgO + P4O10 -> 2Mg3(PO4)2

66
Q

How do basic oxides react with Phosphorous (V) oxide

A

Basic oxides also react with H3PO4. These form the same salts as above but also water.

67
Q

What oxides does sulphur form?

A

Sulfur forms 2 oxides; sulfur (IV) oxide (sulfur dioxide) and sulfur (VI) oxide (sulfur trioxide).

68
Q

What are the formulas of the oxides of sulphur?

A

The formulas are SO2 and SO3.

69
Q

Describe the bonding and pH of the oxides of sulphur.

A

They are covalent, acidic oxides.

70
Q

What is the structure and bonding in sulphur oxides?

A

They are covalent, molecular (simple covalent) structures.

71
Q

Describe sulphur dioxide.

A

Sulfur dioxide is a colourless gas with a pungent odour.

72
Q

Describe sulphur trioxide.

A

Sulfur trioxide is a colourless liquid.

73
Q

Give the shape and bond angle in sulphur dioxide.

A

The SO2 molecule is bent due to the lone pair. (119o). It is polar.

74
Q

Give the shape and bond angle in sulphur trioxide.

A

The SO3 molecule is trigonal planar. (120o). It is non polar as it’s symmetrical.

75
Q

Describe how sulphur dioxide is formed and the observations you would make.

A

SO2 is formed from sulfur burning in air. The yellow sold sulfur melts to form a red liquid which burns with a blue flame forming misty fumes of a choking and pungent gas.

76
Q

How is sulphur trioxide made and what conditions are needed?

A

SO2 can be converted to SO3 on reaction with more oxygen in the presence of a vanadium (V) oxide catalyst.

77
Q

What happens when sulphur dioxide reacts with water?

A

SO2 reacts with water to produce sulphuric (IV) acid H2SO3 (NB formula is S3 NOT S4). It is also called sulfurous acid.

78
Q

Give the pH of the resulting solution with sulphur dioxide reacts with water.

A

It is weakly acidic as it is reversible and the equilibrium lies to the left.

79
Q

What happens when sulphur trioxide reacts with water?

A

SO3 reacts vigorously with water to produce sulfuric (VI) acid H2SO4

80
Q

Do sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide react with acid or bases?

A

Both oxides of sulfur react with bases.

81
Q

What ion is formed when sulphur dioxide reacts with bases?

A

Sulfur dioxide forms sulfate (IV) ions. SO32- (Sulfite ion)

82
Q

What ion is formed when sulphur trioxide reacts with bases?

A

Sulfur trioxide forms suflate (VI) ions SO42-(Sulfate ion)

83
Q

Give the equation for when sulphur dioxide reacts with bases.

A

SO2 + 2OH- -> SO32- + H2O

84
Q

Give the equation for when sulphur trioxide reacts with bases.

A

SO3 + 2OH- -> SO42- + H2O

85
Q

How is sulfuric (IV) acid formed?

A

When sulfur dioxide reacts is forms sulfuric (IV) acid H2SO3.

86
Q

How does sulphur make 4 covalent bonds?

A

It promotes one electron into the 3d sub-shell to be able to form four covalent bonds. The sulfur atom has a lone pair of electrons.

87
Q

Give the shape and bond angle of sulfuric (IV) acid

A

The shape is pyramidal (bond angle 107.5o).

88
Q

What happens when the sulfuric (IV) acid donates hydrogen ions?

A

It can form 2 different anions as the H+ leaves.

89
Q

How is sulfuric (VI) acid formed?

A

When sulfur trioxide reacts is forms sulfuric (VI) acid H2SO4.

90
Q

How does sulphur make 6 covalent bonds?

A

It promotes two electrons into the 3d sub-shell to be able to form six covalent bonds.

91
Q

Give the shape and bond angle of sulfuric (VI) acid

A

The shape is tetrahedral (bond angle 109.5o).

92
Q

What happens when the sulfuric (VI) acid donates hydrogen ions?

A

It can form 2 different anions as the H+ leaves

93
Q

What is Phosphoric acid used for?

A

Phosphoric acid is used in food and drink (e.g. Cola).

94
Q

What is formed when Phosphoric acid reacts with water?

A

When P4O10 reacts with water is forms phosphoric (V) acid H3PO4.

95
Q

How does Phosphoric acid make 5 covalent bonds?

A

The phosphorus atoms promote electrons into the 3d sub-shell to be able to form five covalent bonds.

96
Q

Give the shape and bond angle of Phosphoric acid

A

It is tetrahedral 109.5o

97
Q

How does Phosphoric acid act as an acid?

A

The hydrogen atoms are acidic hydrogen atoms as they are bonded to electronegative oxygen atoms and can donate H+ ions.

98
Q

What happens when the Phosphoric acid donates hydrogen ions?

A

It can form 3 different anions as the H+ leave the molecule.

99
Q

What happens to the melting points of the metal oxides?

A

For the metal oxides as the charge increases and the size decreases the melting point increases.

100
Q

Why is the melting point of Aluminium oxide lower thanmagnesium oxide

A

Aluminium oxide is lower thanmagnesium oxide because it is so small and charged that it polarises the electrons in the oxide. As Aluminium Oxide has a degree of covalent character this weakens it and reduces the melting point.

101
Q

Compare the melting point of P4O10 , SO2 and SO3

A

Why P4O10 has a higher melting point than SO2 and SO3

102
Q

What types of bonding are there in P4O10 , SO2 and SO3

A

All 3 are simple molecular with covalent bonds.

103
Q

Why has P4O10 got a higher melting point?

A

P4O10 has a higher melting point because it is a larger molecule with more electrons so the van der Waal’s forces between the molecules are greater so more energy is needed to break them.

104
Q

Why has SO3 got a higher melting point than SO2?

A

SO3 is larger than SO2 so the melting point is higher for the same reasons even though SO2 is polar and SO3 isn’t.

105
Q

What happens when the acidic oxides react with water?

A

When acidic oxides react with water they form oxyacids.

106
Q

What are oxyacids?

A

Oxyacids are covalent compounds which form ions in water.

AQA Chemistry (13 decks)

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