Period 3 (1750-1900) Flashcards
Begins with the Enlightenment (Orange Unit)
1
Q
Empiricism
A
The belief that knowlege comes form sensed experience, from what you observe
2
Q
An economic system where th emans of production are privately owned and operated for profit
A
Capitalism
3
Q
Deism
A
Belief taht a divinity simply sets natural laws in motion, they believed these laws could best be understood through scientific inquiry instead of bibile study.
4
Q
Conservatism
A
Belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectibility.
5
Q
Human Perectability
A
People are capable of achieving perfection though natural means, without the grace of god
6
Q
Utopian Socialism
A
THose who felt that society could be pushed in positive directions by setting up ideal communtiies
7
Q
Socialism
A
A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production
8
Q
Small SOcieties governed by the principles of utopian socialism
A
Intentional communities
9
Q
Classical Liberalism
A
Belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churchesA
10
Q
Zionism
A
The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East
11
Q
Anti Semitism
A
Hostility toward jews and violent attacks against jewish communities
12
Q
Liberalism
A
A desire for representation under constitutions that recognize civil liberties
13
Q
a member of an 18th-century group of French economists who believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and that agricultural products should be highly priced. Advocating adherence to a supposed natural order of social institutions, they also stressed the necessity of free trade.
A
Physiocrats
14
Q
Voltaire
A
Argued for religious and civil liberty
15
Q
What were the two main goals of the revolutions caused by new ideas?
A
Independence from colonial power and consitutiotional representation
16
Q
Thomas Hobbes Believed
A
People couldn’t be trusted, they were nasty at the core
17
Q
John Locke
A
People have natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
18
Q
Montesquieu believed
A
Government should have separate branches
19
Q
Francis Bacon
A
Emphasized empirical methods of scientific inquiry and based his conclusions on the observation of natural data
20
Q
________ argued that people’s natural state was to live in a bleak world where life was nasty, brutish, and short, but by agreeing to a social contract they gave up some rights to a gov. for law and order
A
Thomas Hobbes
21
Q
___ felt that people deserved natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property. They did not have to earn their rights
A
John Locke
22
Q
_____ called for freer trade, generally advocated for laissez faire, and believed that the gov. Should reduce intervention in economic decisions
A
Adam Smith
23
Q
were gradual socialists and favored reforming society by parliamentary means
A
Fabians
24
Q
what did the Olympe de Gouges fight for?
A
Women’s rights and equality during the French Revolution
25
(1848, New York) Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton declared “all men and women are created equal”
Declaration of Sentiments
26
What was the largest signle emancipation of all people
serfdom declined during the change from agrarian to industrial. Serfdom was abolished by Alexander II of Russia in 1861
27
______ led the Zionist movement and support increased after the Dreyfus Affair
Theodor Herzl
28
(Dreyfus, a Jewish military officer, was convicted of treason against the French. This conviction was false and he was ultimately pardoned after time in prison)
Dreyfus Affair
29
The purpose of the declaration of independence was to...
Express the philosophy behind the colonists fight against british rule
30
The Ideals of the french revolution included...
liberty, equality, and brotherhood
31
___ praised the British’ use of checks on power bc of its parliament. He influenced the American system (has 3 branches)
Baron Montesquieu
32
(Francis Marie Arouet); famous for wit and advocacy of civil liberties, liked England’s constitutional monarchy and regard for civil rights
Voltaire
33
____ expanded on the idea of a social contract, laid out ideas on child rearing and education, the concept of General Will, and inspired many revolutionaries of the late 18th century
Jean Jacques Rousseau:
34
___ (French Man) believed that scientists and engineers (together with business) could operate clean, efficient, places to work.
Henri de Saint-Simon
35
____ identified 810 things that would make work more enjoyable and less tiring. He believed that a fundamental principle of utopia was harmonious living in communities
Charles Fourier
36
___ (GB Man) established intentional communities in Scotland and Indiana. He believed in education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rules
Robert Owen
37
Slaves revolted against white masters, killing them and burning homes. (slave revolt was soon joined by Maroons)
Toussaint L’Ouverture (former slave) led a general rebellion against slavery and was a capable general. His army made a gov. And played the French, Spanish, and British against each other.
Haitian Revolution
38
___ led a general rebellion against slavery and was a capable general. His army made a gov. And played the French, Spanish, and British against each other.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
39
___ became the most prominent of the young agitators, who advocated for greater autonomy for the Philippines.
Jose Rizal
40
(prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia) led the drive to unite the Italian Peninsula under the one native dynasty (House of Savoy); He believed in natural rights, progress, cosntitutional monarchy, and practical politics of reality (realpolitik)
Count di Cavour
41
He manipulated Napoleon III of France into a war with Austria, trying to weaken Austrian influence on the Italian peninsula. Napoleon III backed out of the war after winning 2 battles because he feared the wrath of the pope, who didn't want the papal states to come under the control of the central Italian government.
Soon several areas voted by popular referendum to join Piedmont
adopted the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy of Giuseppe Mazzini, who had been agitating for Italian Resurgence (Risorgimento) since early in the 19th century. He allied with the Red Shirts military force led by Garibaldi, which was fighting farther south in the Kingdom of Naples
Count di Cavour
42
What had the largest impact on Russian success in Industrialization?
Trans-Siberian Railroad
43
British rule and control led to the decline of which three industries in India
Ship-building, mining, and cotton cloth
44
used nationalist feelings to engineer 3 wars to bring about German unification. He manipulated Austria into warring with Denmark/Prussia and Prussia
Otto von Bismarck
45
many immigrants moved to to the US and Argentina; the _____ __ ____ encouraged immigration)
Constitution of 1853
46
Developed due to increasing involvement and contact with W European IDeas and powers
Balkan Nationalism
People began to rally around important cultural markers, and outside powers later aided in achieving independence
47
The _____ __ _____ (a time when the gov. with Maximilien Robespierre in charge killed thousands of opponents of the revolution, incl. the king/queen) sprang from the Jacobins
Reign of Terror
48
______: A recognized poet, she became famous for eloquent critiques of Spain's exploitative rule over Puerto Rico. Her home became a meeting place for political thinkers and revolutionaries and encouraged fellow Puerto Rican's to fight
Lola Rodriguez de Tio
49
3 French Estates
Clergy(religious officials), Nobility, and Commoners
50
________ is considered the father of the facotry system and invented the water frame in 1769
Richard Arkwright
51
Invented the Spinnign Jenny in the 1760s
James Hargreaves
52
The gov. Fenced off the commons to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or purchased the land. Many farmers became landless and destitute
Enclosure Movement
53
Produced in the Brazilian Amazon from trees, used for tires, footwear, and fabrics
Rubber
54
patented the telephone in 1876, but the phone system was low in quality.
Alexander Graham Bell
55
1886 design of a refined voice transmitter made telephone use more practical
Thomas Edison
56
___ developed the radio and sent and received signals across the Atlantic Ocean. Radio later became a form of popular mass media
Guglielmo Marconi
57
Invented the Steam Engine
James Watt
58
Places seeds in a designated spot
Seed Drill
59
Allowed a weaver to spin more than 1 thread at a time
Spinning Jenny
60
What was 3 important changes brought about by Napoleon Bonaparte
The elimination of the Holy Roman Empire, the rollback of traditional measures passed during the reign of terror, and the creation of a new law code
61
What was a major factor int he failure of Muhammed Ali to establish Egypt as an independent, prosperous nation?
The end of the civil war in the united states
62
What is a contrast int eh extend of industrializaiton in Russia and Japan
Russia was influenced by elements of the enlightenment and Marxism whereas Japan was not
Russia used foreign investment to drive industrialization whereas Japan used domestic funds
Both countries dissolved old feudal systems
63
From 1750-1900 the womens rights movement made the msot progress in obtaining
Better access to formal education
64
Problems taht plagued the ottoman empire duirng the late 1800s
Internal squabbles in the sutlan's family, backward military technology, russian incurstions into ottoman lands
65
Who is the father of modern economics, who theorized Laissez Faire
Adam Smith
66
What was an important factor that encouraged the unification of Canada
The threat of US Invasion
67
What was an imortant factor that prevented SImon Bolivar from unifying South America into one large nation
Regionalism
68
Used waterpower to drive the spinnign wheel, dominated household cottage industries and prodcution moved to factories
Water Frame
69
Who invented interchangeable parts
Eli Whitney
70
(merchants gave raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth)
Home spinning was hard work with low pay, but it gave women some independence. Women were eventually replaced by new technologies
Cottage Industries
71
The___ stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. Allowing Russia to trade easily with countries in E Asia.
Trans-Siberian Railroad
72
Allowed an inexpensive way to harness coal power for steam and energy
Steam Engine (version by James Watt)
73
The Molten Metal was blasted with air to remove impurities and keep the metal from solidifying. ***This has been refined to make steel the strong and versatile backbone of industrial society
Bessemer Process
74
Who invented the telegraph
Morse
75
this company focused on household goods (mainly soap) - They extracted palm oil 1st in British W Africa, then later in the Belgian Congo. They had huge plantations
Unilever
76
Companies Working Across Boundaries: __________(British), founder of De Beers Diamonds, invested in a railroad project that was to stretch from Cape Town, S Africa, to Cairo, Egypt. This was to help connect the British colonies, make governance easier, & aid in conducting a war if necessary
Cecil Rhodes
77
Voting rights in the enterprise may be transferred easily from one investor to another
Transferability of Shares
78
The corp itself acts as a “person” & may therefore sue & be sued, may make contracts, & may hold property
Juridical Personality
79
Indefinite Duration
The life of the corp may extend beyond the participation of any of its incorporators
80
Separate legal courts established by different religious communities, each using its own set of religious laws
Millets
81
Genros
Elder Statesmen
82
individual people don’t own land, factories, or machinery. Instead, the government or the whole community owns these things. Everyone is supposed to share the wealth that they create
Communism
83
a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Socialism
84
the middle class & investor who owned machinery & factories (the means of production) where workers produced goods
Bourgeoisie
85
The working class, working in factories & mines (often for little compensation)
Proletariat
86
Sought “ the greatest good for the greatest number of people” They wanted to address the growing problems they saw with capitalism
Utilitarianism
87
1833, made the British aware of the need for reforms
Sadler Report
88
championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, omit child labor, & ensure safe working conditions in factories. Many of his ideas became widely adopted in industrial societies
John Stuart Mill
89
German scholar & writer who argued for socialism (did not like utopian socialists because he thought they wanted to escape problems)
He wanted to look at how the world truly operated & called his approach to economics “scientific socialism”
In 1848 he published the Communist Manifesto which summarized their critique of capitalism.
they felt that capitalism was an advance on feudalism because it made lots of $$, but produced needless poverty & mystery.
Karl Marx
90
What was the Communist Manifesto about, by whom?
Critique of Capitalism and bourgeoisie exploiting the proletariat (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels)
91
reformed the Ott system. In 1826 he abolished the Janissaries & developed a new artillery unit trained by Europeans
Mahmud II
92
Opposition to Reform: when _____ ( the Red Sultan) took power in 1876, he supported internal reforms. He accepted a new constitution for the Ottoman & emphasized primary education & secularization of the law. A few girls were allowed to attend secondary schools by the 1900s
Abdulahmid
93
China wanted to modernize. Major Reform: the ____, which developed so the gov could face internal and external problems
Self-Strengthening Movement
94
Was convinced to support the Hundred Days of Reform, which included the abolition of the CSE, the elimination of corruption, & the establishment of W-style industrial, commercial, & medical systems
Emperor Guangxu
95
was a conservative.
She opposed reforms & wanted to protect traditional social/gov systems; She resisted new tech (she stopped the extension of railroad lines & telegraph networks into China). She imprisoned the emperor & repealed his reform edicts because she feared the influence of foreigners.
Emperor Cixi
96
The sultans… (1) rooted out corruption in the central govt
(2) took education from under the ulamas (educated Muslim scholars) control to a secular system of primary/secondary schools. Secular colleges were made
(3) codified Ott laws & created new ones. The commercial code & penal code, in the 1850s, made it easier for foreigners to do business
Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire
97
rose to prominence and was elected the new governor of Egypt
He was able to act somewhat indep., joined the sultan’s military campaigns when it benefited him, and undertook campaigns without the sultan's permission
He began reforms in Egypt; made the country's military on a European model, established schools, sent military officers to France to be educated, and started an official newspaper (1st in the Islamic world)
He taxed the peasants so much that they were forced to give their lands to the state. The gov then controlled cotton and other ag production
Secularizing religious lands put more ag produce in the hands of the gov, leading to large profits during the period of the Napoleonic wars (1799-1815)
He pushed Egypt to industrialize. Textile factories, armament factories in Cairo, and ship factories in Alexandria.
He is called the first great modern ruler of Egypt partly because of his vision of state-sponsored industrialization
Japan and the Meiji Restoration
Muhammed Ali
98
sailed into Edo and Tokyo Bay asking for trade privileges
The next year he returned w/ more ships, demanding Japan to trade w/ the US; They gave in to US demands and soon agreed to trade with other states as well
Matthew Perry requesting trade with Japan
99
Charter Oath
Formally abolished feudalism in Japan in 1868
100
Who hated machines
Luddites
101
Most 19yh century liberals were likely
Middle class
