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AP World > Period 3 (1750-1900) > Flashcards

Period 3 (1750-1900) Flashcards

Begins with the Enlightenment (Orange Unit)

1
Q

Empiricism

A

The belief that knowlege comes form sensed experience, from what you observe

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2
Q

An economic system where th emans of production are privately owned and operated for profit

A

Capitalism

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3
Q

Deism

A

Belief taht a divinity simply sets natural laws in motion, they believed these laws could best be understood through scientific inquiry instead of bibile study.

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4
Q

Conservatism

A

Belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectibility.

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5
Q

Human Perectability

A

People are capable of achieving perfection though natural means, without the grace of god

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6
Q

Utopian Socialism

A

THose who felt that society could be pushed in positive directions by setting up ideal communtiies

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7
Q

Socialism

A

A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production

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8
Q

Small SOcieties governed by the principles of utopian socialism

A

Intentional communities

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9
Q

Classical Liberalism

A

Belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churchesA

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10
Q

Zionism

A

The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East

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11
Q

Anti Semitism

A

Hostility toward jews and violent attacks against jewish communities

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12
Q

Liberalism

A

A desire for representation under constitutions that recognize civil liberties

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13
Q

a member of an 18th-century group of French economists who believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and that agricultural products should be highly priced. Advocating adherence to a supposed natural order of social institutions, they also stressed the necessity of free trade.

A

Physiocrats

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14
Q

Voltaire

A

Argued for religious and civil liberty

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15
Q

What were the two main goals of the revolutions caused by new ideas?

A

Independence from colonial power and consitutiotional representation

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16
Q

Thomas Hobbes Believed

A

People couldn’t be trusted, they were nasty at the core

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17
Q

John Locke

A

People have natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

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18
Q

Montesquieu believed

A

Government should have separate branches

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19
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Emphasized empirical methods of scientific inquiry and based his conclusions on the observation of natural data

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20
Q

________ argued that people’s natural state was to live in a bleak world where life was nasty, brutish, and short, but by agreeing to a social contract they gave up some rights to a gov. for law and order

A

Thomas Hobbes

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21
Q

___ felt that people deserved natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property. They did not have to earn their rights

A

John Locke

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22
Q

_____ called for freer trade, generally advocated for laissez faire, and believed that the gov. Should reduce intervention in economic decisions

A

Adam Smith

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23
Q

were gradual socialists and favored reforming society by parliamentary means

A

Fabians

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24
Q

what did the Olympe de Gouges fight for?

A

Women’s rights and equality during the French Revolution

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25
Q

(1848, New York) Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton declared “all men and women are created equal”

A

Declaration of Sentiments

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26
Q

What was the largest signle emancipation of all people

A

serfdom declined during the change from agrarian to industrial. Serfdom was abolished by Alexander II of Russia in 1861

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27
Q

______ led the Zionist movement and support increased after the Dreyfus Affair

A

Theodor Herzl

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28
Q

(Dreyfus, a Jewish military officer, was convicted of treason against the French. This conviction was false and he was ultimately pardoned after time in prison)

A

Dreyfus Affair

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29
Q

The purpose of the declaration of independence was to…

A

Express the philosophy behind the colonists fight against british rule

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30
Q

The Ideals of the french revolution included…

A

liberty, equality, and brotherhood

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31
Q

___ praised the British’ use of checks on power bc of its parliament. He influenced the American system (has 3 branches)

A

Baron Montesquieu

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32
Q

(Francis Marie Arouet); famous for wit and advocacy of civil liberties, liked England’s constitutional monarchy and regard for civil rights

A

Voltaire

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33
Q

____ expanded on the idea of a social contract, laid out ideas on child rearing and education, the concept of General Will, and inspired many revolutionaries of the late 18th century

A

Jean Jacques Rousseau:

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34
Q

___ (French Man) believed that scientists and engineers (together with business) could operate clean, efficient, places to work.

A

Henri de Saint-Simon

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35
Q

____ identified 810 things that would make work more enjoyable and less tiring. He believed that a fundamental principle of utopia was harmonious living in communities

A

Charles Fourier

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36
Q

___ (GB Man) established intentional communities in Scotland and Indiana. He believed in education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rules

A

Robert Owen

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37
Q

Slaves revolted against white masters, killing them and burning homes. (slave revolt was soon joined by Maroons)
Toussaint L’Ouverture (former slave) led a general rebellion against slavery and was a capable general. His army made a gov. And played the French, Spanish, and British against each other.

A

Haitian Revolution

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38
Q

___ led a general rebellion against slavery and was a capable general. His army made a gov. And played the French, Spanish, and British against each other.

A

Toussaint L’Ouverture

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39
Q

___ became the most prominent of the young agitators, who advocated for greater autonomy for the Philippines.

A

Jose Rizal

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40
Q

(prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia) led the drive to unite the Italian Peninsula under the one native dynasty (House of Savoy); He believed in natural rights, progress, cosntitutional monarchy, and practical politics of reality (realpolitik)

A

Count di Cavour

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41
Q

He manipulated Napoleon III of France into a war with Austria, trying to weaken Austrian influence on the Italian peninsula. Napoleon III backed out of the war after winning 2 battles because he feared the wrath of the pope, who didn’t want the papal states to come under the control of the central Italian government.
Soon several areas voted by popular referendum to join Piedmont
adopted the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy of Giuseppe Mazzini, who had been agitating for Italian Resurgence (Risorgimento) since early in the 19th century. He allied with the Red Shirts military force led by Garibaldi, which was fighting farther south in the Kingdom of Naples

A

Count di Cavour

42
Q

What had the largest impact on Russian success in Industrialization?

A

Trans-Siberian Railroad

43
Q

British rule and control led to the decline of which three industries in India

A

Ship-building, mining, and cotton cloth

44
Q

used nationalist feelings to engineer 3 wars to bring about German unification. He manipulated Austria into warring with Denmark/Prussia and Prussia

A

Otto von Bismarck

45
Q

many immigrants moved to to the US and Argentina; the _____ __ ____ encouraged immigration)

A

Constitution of 1853

46
Q

Developed due to increasing involvement and contact with W European IDeas and powers

A

Balkan Nationalism

People began to rally around important cultural markers, and outside powers later aided in achieving independence

47
Q

The _____ __ _____ (a time when the gov. with Maximilien Robespierre in charge killed thousands of opponents of the revolution, incl. the king/queen) sprang from the Jacobins

A

Reign of Terror

48
Q

______: A recognized poet, she became famous for eloquent critiques of Spain’s exploitative rule over Puerto Rico. Her home became a meeting place for political thinkers and revolutionaries and encouraged fellow Puerto Rican’s to fight

A

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

49
Q

3 French Estates

A

Clergy(religious officials), Nobility, and Commoners

50
Q

________ is considered the father of the facotry system and invented the water frame in 1769

A

Richard Arkwright

51
Q

Invented the Spinnign Jenny in the 1760s

A

James Hargreaves

52
Q

The gov. Fenced off the commons to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or purchased the land. Many farmers became landless and destitute

A

Enclosure Movement

53
Q

Produced in the Brazilian Amazon from trees, used for tires, footwear, and fabrics

A

Rubber

54
Q

patented the telephone in 1876, but the phone system was low in quality.

A

Alexander Graham Bell

55
Q

1886 design of a refined voice transmitter made telephone use more practical

A

Thomas Edison

56
Q

___ developed the radio and sent and received signals across the Atlantic Ocean. Radio later became a form of popular mass media

A

Guglielmo Marconi

57
Q

Invented the Steam Engine

A

James Watt

58
Q

Places seeds in a designated spot

A

Seed Drill

59
Q

Allowed a weaver to spin more than 1 thread at a time

A

Spinning Jenny

60
Q

What was 3 important changes brought about by Napoleon Bonaparte

A

The elimination of the Holy Roman Empire, the rollback of traditional measures passed during the reign of terror, and the creation of a new law code

61
Q

What was a major factor int he failure of Muhammed Ali to establish Egypt as an independent, prosperous nation?

A

The end of the civil war in the united states

62
Q

What is a contrast int eh extend of industrializaiton in Russia and Japan

A

Russia was influenced by elements of the enlightenment and Marxism whereas Japan was not

Russia used foreign investment to drive industrialization whereas Japan used domestic funds

Both countries dissolved old feudal systems

63
Q

From 1750-1900 the womens rights movement made the msot progress in obtaining

A

Better access to formal education

64
Q

Problems taht plagued the ottoman empire duirng the late 1800s

A

Internal squabbles in the sutlan’s family, backward military technology, russian incurstions into ottoman lands

65
Q

Who is the father of modern economics, who theorized Laissez Faire

A

Adam Smith

66
Q

What was an important factor that encouraged the unification of Canada

A

The threat of US Invasion

67
Q

What was an imortant factor that prevented SImon Bolivar from unifying South America into one large nation

A

Regionalism

68
Q

Used waterpower to drive the spinnign wheel, dominated household cottage industries and prodcution moved to factories

A

Water Frame

69
Q

Who invented interchangeable parts

A

Eli Whitney

70
Q

(merchants gave raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth)
Home spinning was hard work with low pay, but it gave women some independence. Women were eventually replaced by new technologies

A

Cottage Industries

71
Q

The___ stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. Allowing Russia to trade easily with countries in E Asia.

A

Trans-Siberian Railroad

72
Q

Allowed an inexpensive way to harness coal power for steam and energy

A

Steam Engine (version by James Watt)

73
Q

The Molten Metal was blasted with air to remove impurities and keep the metal from solidifying. ***This has been refined to make steel the strong and versatile backbone of industrial society

A

Bessemer Process

74
Q

Who invented the telegraph

A

Morse

75
Q

this company focused on household goods (mainly soap) - They extracted palm oil 1st in British W Africa, then later in the Belgian Congo. They had huge plantations

A

Unilever

76
Q

Companies Working Across Boundaries: __________(British), founder of De Beers Diamonds, invested in a railroad project that was to stretch from Cape Town, S Africa, to Cairo, Egypt. This was to help connect the British colonies, make governance easier, & aid in conducting a war if necessary

A

Cecil Rhodes

77
Q

Voting rights in the enterprise may be transferred easily from one investor to another

A

Transferability of Shares

78
Q

The corp itself acts as a “person” & may therefore sue & be sued, may make contracts, & may hold property

A

Juridical Personality

79
Q

Indefinite Duration

A

The life of the corp may extend beyond the participation of any of its incorporators

80
Q

Separate legal courts established by different religious communities, each using its own set of religious laws

A

Millets

81
Q

Genros

A

Elder Statesmen

82
Q

individual people don’t own land, factories, or machinery. Instead, the government or the whole community owns these things. Everyone is supposed to share the wealth that they create

A

Communism

83
Q

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

A

Socialism

84
Q

the middle class & investor who owned machinery & factories (the means of production) where workers produced goods

A

Bourgeoisie

85
Q

The working class, working in factories & mines (often for little compensation)

A

Proletariat

86
Q

Sought “ the greatest good for the greatest number of people” They wanted to address the growing problems they saw with capitalism

A

Utilitarianism

87
Q

1833, made the British aware of the need for reforms

A

Sadler Report

88
Q

championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, omit child labor, & ensure safe working conditions in factories. Many of his ideas became widely adopted in industrial societies

A

John Stuart Mill

89
Q

German scholar & writer who argued for socialism (did not like utopian socialists because he thought they wanted to escape problems)
He wanted to look at how the world truly operated & called his approach to economics “scientific socialism”
In 1848 he published the Communist Manifesto which summarized their critique of capitalism.
they felt that capitalism was an advance on feudalism because it made lots of $$, but produced needless poverty & mystery.

A

Karl Marx

90
Q

What was the Communist Manifesto about, by whom?

A

Critique of Capitalism and bourgeoisie exploiting the proletariat (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels)

91
Q

reformed the Ott system. In 1826 he abolished the Janissaries & developed a new artillery unit trained by Europeans

A

Mahmud II

92
Q

Opposition to Reform: when _____ ( the Red Sultan) took power in 1876, he supported internal reforms. He accepted a new constitution for the Ottoman & emphasized primary education & secularization of the law. A few girls were allowed to attend secondary schools by the 1900s

A

Abdulahmid

93
Q

China wanted to modernize. Major Reform: the ____, which developed so the gov could face internal and external problems

A

Self-Strengthening Movement

94
Q

Was convinced to support the Hundred Days of Reform, which included the abolition of the CSE, the elimination of corruption, & the establishment of W-style industrial, commercial, & medical systems

A

Emperor Guangxu

95
Q

was a conservative.
She opposed reforms & wanted to protect traditional social/gov systems; She resisted new tech (she stopped the extension of railroad lines & telegraph networks into China). She imprisoned the emperor & repealed his reform edicts because she feared the influence of foreigners.

A

Emperor Cixi

96
Q

The sultans… (1) rooted out corruption in the central govt
(2) took education from under the ulamas (educated Muslim scholars) control to a secular system of primary/secondary schools. Secular colleges were made
(3) codified Ott laws & created new ones. The commercial code & penal code, in the 1850s, made it easier for foreigners to do business

A

Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire

97
Q

rose to prominence and was elected the new governor of Egypt
He was able to act somewhat indep., joined the sultan’s military campaigns when it benefited him, and undertook campaigns without the sultan’s permission
He began reforms in Egypt; made the country’s military on a European model, established schools, sent military officers to France to be educated, and started an official newspaper (1st in the Islamic world)
He taxed the peasants so much that they were forced to give their lands to the state. The gov then controlled cotton and other ag production
Secularizing religious lands put more ag produce in the hands of the gov, leading to large profits during the period of the Napoleonic wars (1799-1815)
He pushed Egypt to industrialize. Textile factories, armament factories in Cairo, and ship factories in Alexandria.
He is called the first great modern ruler of Egypt partly because of his vision of state-sponsored industrialization
Japan and the Meiji Restoration

A

Muhammed Ali

98
Q

sailed into Edo and Tokyo Bay asking for trade privileges
The next year he returned w/ more ships, demanding Japan to trade w/ the US; They gave in to US demands and soon agreed to trade with other states as well

A

Matthew Perry requesting trade with Japan

99
Q

Charter Oath

A

Formally abolished feudalism in Japan in 1868

100
Q

Who hated machines

A

Luddites

101
Q

Most 19yh century liberals were likely

A

Middle class

AP World (3 decks)

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