Period 1 Flashcards
AP World History Modern, this covers years 1200 to 1450 and includes Units 1 and 2.
1
Q
(960–1279) was culturally the most brilliant era in later imperial Chinese history. A time of great social and economic change. Highly centralized political structure
A
Song Dynasty
2
Q
Established by Humeru general - 1260-1335 ce; basis Fer the modern state of Iran
A
Ilkhanate of Persia
3
Q
Northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire; ruled over Russia, Ukraine, kazhacstan, Moldova, and Caucasus from 1240-1502; Batu Khan
A
Golden Horde
4
Q
the influence of Buddhism and Daoism prompted Confucianism to find metaphysical and epistemological foundations for its ethics. emphasized self-cultivation as a path not only to self-fulfillment but to the formation of a virtuous and harmonious society and state.
A
Neo-Confucianism
5
Q
Brought an elaborate system of beliefs and rituals that rulers could claim divine legitimacy before their subjects.
A
Hinduism and Buddhism in SE Asia
6
Q
Buddhism in East Asia
A
Mahayana Buddhism flourished, becoming an important creative source for art and architecture in China, Korea, and Japan
7
Q
Persia trade items
A
Gold, silver, iron, copper
8
Q
India trade items on silk road
A
Religion
9
Q
Known for craft production, good resting spot for merchant travelers
A
Samarkand
10
Q
Known for controlling a large territorial state and access to vast trade routes. Traded ivory, gold, silk, emeralds, spices, ag products, salt, exotic animals, and more
A
Axum Empire
11
Q
Developed a written language of hieroglyphics and invented the math concept of zero. Also built complex irrigation systems
A
Mayans
12
Q
one of the two major traditions of Buddhism, now practiced in a variety of forms especially in China, Tibet, Japan, and Korea. The tradition emerged around the 1st century AD and is typically concerned with altruistically oriented spiritual practice as embodied in the ideal of the bodhisattva.
A
Mahayana buddhism
13
Q
the more conservative of the two major traditions of Buddhism, and a school of Hinayana Buddhism. It is practiced mainly in Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos
A
Theravada Buddhism
14
Q
……. Buddhism is also more hierarchical in its structure, having the Dali Lama at the top of hierarchy as the main religious leader. Strong emphasis on monasticism, scholastic philosophy, and elaborate tantric practice
A
Tibetan
15
Q
Improved shipbuilding technology
A
Compass
16
Q
belief in the 4 noble truths (stress the idea of alleviating personal suffering by eliminating craves & following Buddhist precepts) & the eightfold path (leads to enlightenment or nirvana)
A
Buddhism
17
Q
China produced excess goods and sold them on the global market. Used paper money
A
Commercialization of Chinese Economy
18
Q
Only Christian Country, grew wealthy through trade (salt). Centralized Power with a hierarchy below the ruler. (Orthodox Christianity)
A
Ethiopia
19
Q
Largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture; group of mound building peoples in modern day St louis
A
Cahokia Empire 950-1350
20
Q
Powerful state in Southeast Asia: forme from 802-1431 and covered Cambodia at its peak as well as Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam
A
Khmer Empire
21
Q
Advanced in medicine for Dar Al-Islam
A
Surgery, hospitals, first medical encyclopedia, circulatory system
22
Q
Who pioneered trigonometry and trates it as a new mathematical discipline?
A
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
23
Q
Muslim kingdom that ruled part of india from the 13th to 16th centuries. Founded by Qutb Al-Dim Aybak jn 1206
A
Delhi Sultanate
24
Q
How did the Abbasid caliphate disintegrate
A
Mongol invasion in 1258
25
What caused the Abbasid caliphates political decentralization and fragmentation?
The Abbasids' massive empire-spanning over four thousand miles-was impressive, but very difficult to maintain. As people converted to Islam, tax revenue collected from non-Muslim subjects dwindled, and the Abbasid court could no longer sustain its expenditures.
26
Syncretic faith of Daoism and Buddhism, originated during the Tang Dynasty
Zen Buddhism
27
How did song china depend on peasant and artisan labor
Song china treated peasants roughly and their labor intensified as demand for food and consumer goods increased
28
Buddhism spread through
Maritime routes and overland routes through cross cultural exhanges
29
Song China influence on Korea
Korean court used a similar CSE, adopted some confucian traditions, had a friendly relationship. Adopted Mahayana Buddhism
30
Japanese political structure
Feudal and highly decentralized with a unique brand of chivalry: Bushido Code
31
The city of Baghdad was
The capital of the Abbasid caliphate, and the HoW was there
32
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.
Bureaucracy
33
Christian monks in a ————- preserved knowledge of the dark ages in Europe
Momastery
34
Ghana Malí or Songhai
Well known for funding of education
Songhai
35
Ghana Malí or Songhai
Salt was an important trading commodity
Ghana
36
Collapsed by the 11th century
Ghana
37
Ghana Malí or Songhai
Followed Islam
ALL
38
Ghana Malí or Songhai
Most powerful state in the region by 1500s
Songhai
39
This is the name for the collection of sayings and quotations made by Chinese philosopher
Confucius, though it was compiled after his death.
Analects
40
This term is used to describe the pre-Columbian Native American pueblo culture that inhabited a small area of what is now northwestern New
Mexico between 900 and 1150 CE.
Chaco Culture
41
This refers to the governing body that ruled over much of what is now India from 1206 to 1526 CE.
Delhi Suktanate
42
This country escaped colonization for all of the 19th Century, was briefly controlled by Mussolini\'s ;
Italy in the 1930s and 1940s, and was ruled by Emperor Haile Selassie I until 1974.
Ethiopia
43
This term describes the political and economic relationships which governed the lives of nobles, knights, and serfs during much of the Medieval period in European history- and in Japanese, history, too. Under this system, lesser nobles called \"vassals\" held land called \"fiefs\" at the pleasure of the more powerful lords, to whom they owed allegiance and military service.
Feudal Societu
44
This is the formal name given to the giant walled section of Great Zimbabwe in Africa.
Great enclosure
45
This is the name of the ancient ruined city that served as the capital of Great Zimbabwe during
• the Iron Age.
Great Zimbabwe
46
In Medieval Europe, this was an association of artisans or workers skilled in a certain craft.
Guild
47
An association of merchant communities throughout in cities in Northern Germany and the Baltic region that helped expand long distance trade in Europe during the medieval period.
Hanseátic league
48
Named for a kingdom that was found in modern-day Nigeria from 1000 to 1800 CE, this is the largest ethnic group in all of Africa.
Hausa People
49
Song China influence on Vietnam
"Adopted Mahayana Buddhism, a merit based bureaucracy. They adopted Chinese writing & architectural styles
Vietnam had a more adversarial relationship with China & sometimes launched rebellions against Chinese influence
"
50
He was an Islamic physician and physicist in the early-1000s CE whose work focused on, among other things, the study of pharmacology and of infectious diseases.
Inn Sina
51
Polytheistic, is not an organized religion and has no single, systematic approach to teaching its value system. Nor do they have a simple set of rules to follow like the Ten Commandments.
Hinduism
52
This Asian country was once ruled by both the Mughal and the British Empires, but won its independence in 1947 thanks mainly to widespread nonviolent resistance.
India
53
This sacred site in Mecca is considered to be the holiest in Islam, is surrounded by the Masjid al-Haram, and is the focus of all Muslims during prayer time.
Kaaba
54
This empire existed from the 800s CE to the early 1400s in the area that would eventually become modern Cambodia.
Khmer Empire
55
(people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell)
Proto-Industrialization
56
This refers to the dynasty that ruled northern India from 1206 to 1290, and then became the first dynasty to rule as the Delhi Sultanate.
Mamluk
57
This is the name of the site in Colorado that was home to the Puebloan cliff dwellers of the 12th century CE.
Mesa Verde
58
How long did the Tang Dynasty Last?
618 - 907
59
All cultural adaptations were voluntary. Japan took parts of Chinas imperial bureaucracy. Chinese script in Heian era Japan, woodblock printing
Song china influence on Japan
60
This refers to the system of communication used by the Inca which consisted of knots tied in string.
Quipu
61
This is the name given to the medieval and feudal periods of northern India in which the subcontinent was ruled in many divided territories by elite groups.
Rajput Kingdom’s
62
Monotheistic, originated with the biblical patriarch Abraham (approx 1800 BCE). Abraham established a covenant with God that was confirmed with the reception of the Torah
Judaism
63
This is a polytheistic religion which originated in Japan. It centers on the worship of spirits which represent objects, places, and ancestors.
Shinto
64
This refers to the school or denomination of
Buddhism that is its oldest and is considered to be the most conservative of Buddhist schools.
Theravada
65
In feudal times, this would refer to a nobleman who pledged loyalty directly to a monarch in return for control of land and the wealth that came from that land.
Vassal
66
This is a vast collection of stone ruins located in south central Africa. The structures were built throughout the period of the 11th through the 15th Centuries, and may have once held nearly
20,000 inhabitants,
Zimbabwe
67
7 Hausa states
| You don't really need to know this for the test
Biram, Daura, Gobir, Kano, Katsina, Rano, and Zaria.
68
2. Women in the Dar-al-Islam had _ freedom than their counterparts in Christendom.
More
69
3. Sub-Saharan Africa, from 1200-1450, became more active in interregional trade as a result
Contact with Islamic missionaries and merchants promoting trade between North and West Africa
70
Who spread Buddhism?
Xuanzhang
71
The Hausa kingdoms were near which river
Niger
72
Who were the tartars
A group of Mongols that ruled a chunk of Russia
73
Five Pillars, originated in 610 by Muhammed in Mecca (Saudi Arabia)
Islam
74
In what region was the Golden Horde established?
North Asia
75
Who did the Abbasid Caliphate Replace?
the Umayyads in 750 CE
76
20. To which of the following places did Hinduism diffuse between 1200 and 1450 CE?
Southeast Asia
77
Territorial expansion under the rule of Gajah Mafa - great and powerful empire; on island of Java
Majapahit empire
78
a large, well-funded, and sustained effort responsible for translating a significant volume of secular Greek texts into Arabic. Took place in Baghdad from the mid-eighth century to the late tenth century
The Translation Movement
79
The five major goals of _________ _____ are the protection of sound religious practice, life, sanity, the family, and personal and communal wealth. A part of Islamic Tradition based on the Q'uran
Shar'ia Law
80
Who replaced the Abbasid Caliphate?
Seljuk Turks
81
Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. Their advance marked the beginning of Turkic power in the Middle East.
Seljuk Sultans
82
was a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, for 320 years. Founded in 1206
Delhi Sultanate in S Asia
83
a mystical form of Islam, a school of practice that emphasizes the inward search for God and shuns materialism.
Sufis
84
Strait of Malacca
became an important maritime trade route between India and China
85
Judicial customs, traditions and moral principles based on Buddhism were used as the bases of law. The laws and legal measures were proclaimed by the king, and were to be followed by justice administration
Sinhala Dynasties
86
became the greatest empire of southern India. By serving as a barrier against invasion by the Muslim sultanates of the north, it fostered the reconstruction of Hindu life and administration after the disorders and disunities of the 12th and 13th centuries. Also called the Kingdom of Bisnegar, this empire was based in what is now southern India from the mid-1300s CE to the mid-1700s.
Vijayanagara Empire
87
the place of pioneering achievements in architecture and art, language and writing, religion and law, - Thailand. founded in the mid-13th century when a local Tai ruler led a revolt against Khmer rule
Sukhothai Kingdom
88
At its peak in the 1330s, the Sultanate ruled over much of India, the first Muslim state to do so. Its rule marks the rise of Islam as a major religion in the Indian subcontinent
Delhi Sultanate
89
one of the last major Hindu-Buddhist empires of the region and is considered to be one of the greatest and most powerful empires in the history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. It is sometimes seen as the precedent for Indonesia's modern boundaries.
Majapahit Kingdom
90
controlled modern-day Indonesia and much of the Malay Archipelago from the seventh to twelfth centuries. The empire traded extensively with India and China, incorporating Buddhist and Chinese political practices into their traditions. maritime and commercial kingdom that ourished between the 7th and the 13th centuries, largely in hat is now Indonesia. The kingdom originated in Palembang on the island of Sumatra and soon extended its influence and ontrolled the Strait of Malacca.
Srivijaya Empire
91
a development in medieval India that emphasized love and devotion towards Hindu deities as a means to attain salvation.
Bakhti Movement
92
reigned largely in Cambodia from 802 CE to 1431 CE. It was a large and powerful Medieval Asian empire. The famous Angkor Wat was built within this empire and is known to be the largest religious site in world history.
Khmer Empire
93
the last capital of the last great Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar. Its fabulously rich princes built Dravidian temples and palaces which won the admiration of travellers between the 14th and 16th centuries
Hampi Complex
94
The capital of the aztec empire
Tenochtitlan
95
Largest Mound. Some societies buried their dead in mounds with great ceremony. Other cultures built temples atop the mounds, and worshipers approached by climbing steep stairs or ramps. Still other earthworks were symbolic pinnacles of power for leaders who dwelled atop them.
Cahokia
96
First large scale civilization in N America; construction of platform mounds upon which temples, homes, and public buildings were constructed
Mississippian Culture
97
he was believed to be the ancestor of the Incas.
Sun God inti
98
Very centralized power structure, bureaucracy, utilized quipu and built a complex road network as a form of tribute to the empire
The Inca Empire
99
Hierarchical Society. the establishment of stone-built towns to serve as hubs of trade between the Indian Ocean and the interior of Africa in what is referred to as the “Swahili civilization.” Swahili civilization encompasses the local and global connections and trading activities that took place in Eastern Africa,
Swahili Civilization
100
Participated in Indian Ocean Trade (exported gold). part of a large and wealthy global trading network. Archaeologists have found pottery from China and Persia, as well as Arab coins in the ruins there. The elite of the Empire controlled trade up and down the east African coast.
Great Zimbabwe
101
trade and cultural centers that came close to rivaling that of the Mali Empire and Songhay Kingdom. Their long period as a confederation of city-states is unique compared to the larger, more centralized empires.
Hausa City-States
102
Their primary objectives were to stop the expansion of Muslim states, to reclaim for Christianity the Holy Land in the Middle East, and to recapture territories that had formerly been Christian.
The Crusades
103
Wat Tyler and the Peasant Revolt
He led a group of rebels from Canterbury to London (England) to oppose the institution of a poll tax and to demand economic and social reforms.
104
Feudalism Hierarchy
the king at the top with the nobles, knights, and vassals below him. Before a lord could grant land to a tenant he would have to make him a vassal at a formal ceremony. Under vassals were peasants (serfs) who performed labor
105
First East Slavic State, emerged as a powerful confederation of city-states during the second half of the ninth century in Eastern Europe
Kievan Rus
106
Who Invented the Lateen Sail?
Arabs
107
Institutions that loaned money for merchants. Can be traced back to around 2000 BCE in ancient Mesopotamia
Banking Houses
108
Found on several trade routes but were best known on the silk road (roadside inns that were rest spots and hubs for the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture)
Caravanserai
109
Made it easier for merchatns to purchase goods because they didn't have to carry their money everywhere
Use of Credit from 1200-1450
110
A type of paper negotiable insrument invented by merchants but adopted by the state. Ability to transfer cash across vast distances without actually transporitng it
Chinese Flying money
111
Form letters tat told an agent in another city to pay someone a certain ammount.
Bills of Exchange
112
Egypt; was a good trading city becuase it was close to the Nile river and its distance from egypt prevented it from northern raids. Connected regions aross afriaca, eruope, and asia.
Cairo
113
Trade city in western china that was popular trading post on the silk road
Kashgar
114
Used to administer mongol empire, a common form of communication across teh Silk Road when Uyghur became the official script of the Mongols
Uyghur Script
115
Tibetan Buddhism spread to
Mongolian, nepal, and into china during the Yuan and Qing dynasties
116
The postal system, known as the ___ system, was a sort of medieval pony express with stations positioned at intervals of 20-30 miles.
Yam
117
Mongol Empire lasted from
1206 - 1368, then fractured into 4 khanates
118
Yuan Dynasty ruled from
1279 - 1368
119
What was the destruction of russian principalities
Mongol invasion. Began in 1223 and the Mongols returned in 1237. The mongols took over russia with only a few hundred soldiers
120
Timogen/Genghis Khan
Unified the mongolian steppe under a massiv eempire that captured territory to beocme the largest contiguious emprie in history
121
a flexible triangular sail that allowed ships to harness the power of natural resources, specifically headwinds
Lateen Sail
122
a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and their capital at Anhilwara (Patan) was one of the largest cities in India, with population estimated at 100,000 in the year 1000.
Gujarat State
123
A type of wood that is native to south and southeast Asia
Teak
124
Diasporic communities of __________ in Africa
Arabs
125
Usually served as a cargo ship. Considered one of the most efficient ship designs because it was an efficient and sturdy ship to travel long distances
Chinese Junk
126
Gaining knowledge of these allowed sailors to better plan their voyages and led to increased trade
Monsoon Winds
127
led the largest ships in the world on seven voyages of exploration to the lands around the Indian Ocean, demonstrating Chinese excellence at shipbuilding and navigation.
Zheng He
128
one of the world's most important cities for trade and home to a cosmopolitan community of over 100,000. Arabs prayed with Chinese. Armenians traded with Javanese. Indians and Japanese saw each other in the street.
Malacca Sultanate Trading City
129
Diasporic communities of ________ in S Asia and ________ in SE Asia
Malay; Chinese
130
A lateen-rigged ship with one or two masts, used int he Indian Ocean
Dhow
131
132
Emperor of Mali who took a hajj to Mecca and caused massive invlation in Egypt
Mansa Musa
133
A center for transportation and overland trade situated at the edge of teh Sahara Desert
Timbuktu
134
Incented by the Tuareg peoples and transferred civilizations by means of the trans-saharan trade route
Camel/Camel Saddles
135
Venetian merchant and adventurer who traveled on the Silk Road from Europe to Asia, observing chinese court for 17 years. He served in the court of Kublai Khan which allowed him to study and report on cultures, customs, and people
Marco Polo
136
Maragheh Observatory
A center for many groundbreaking calculations in mathematics and astronomy located in Iran
137
The capital of the byzantine empire and later the Ottoman Empire
Istanbul
138
Transfer of Bananas to
Africa
139
Hausa City-States Religion
Muslim
140
Author of the first autobiography in english, relates her spiritual jouney from a wife/mother in England to a Christian visionary and public speaker.
Margery Kempf
141
Wandering Judge of the islamic world. Traveled throughout asia, africa, and europe and recorded his encounters in his travel logue. His book allowed arabic people to learn about each other as well as non-muslim areas
Ibn Battuta
142
The land along this river became some of the most important and wealhty land in all of ancient china. Warm Climate and Rainy weather conducive for growign rice
Yangtze River
143
Mali Empire
Established by King Sundiata Keita, known as the “Lion King,” the Mali Empire brought wealth, culture, and Islamic faith to West Africa.
