Period 2 vocab

Question 1

Gunpowder empire

Answer 1

Large, multiethnic, states in Eurasia that relied on FIREARMS to conquer and control TERRITORIES.

Question 2

Bureaucratic elites

Answer 2

People who carry out the organizational functioning of a hierarchical GOVERNMENT of non-elected OFFICIALS.

Question 3

Devshirme

Answer 3

A SELECTION SYSTEM that recruited CHRISTIAN boys to forcefully serve in the Ottoman government. Boys ages 8 to 20 were taken each year from conquered Christian territories in Europe. The highest ranking military members were called Janissaries .

Question 4

Legitimize

Answer 4

Actions made by a ruler to VALIDATE their power and AUTHORITY to their subjects, often promoted through religion, art and architecture.

Question 5

Tribute system

Answer 5

Goods GIVEN as a sign of RESPECT, submission, or allegiance to a powerful state.

Question 6

Tax farming

Answer 6

A system where the right to collect TAXES is in the HANDS of local officials (who often gained the position through an auction) This was a practice in the Ottoman Empire, but similar system also existed in the Mughal Empire.

Question 7

Protestant Reformation

Answer 7

PROTESTS against the Catholic Church’s corruption and demanded REFORM, leading to the formation of Protestantism. Led by MARTIN LUTHER.

Question 8

Counter Reformation

Answer 8

Catholic Church’s RESPONSE to the Protestant Reformation in order to review their reputation and popularity.

Question 9

Sunni-Shi’a Divide

Answer 9

The DIVISION of the two main branches of Islam that began after the death of Muhammad in the 7c. The disagreement stems from who each group believed SHOULD be the successor of Muhammad.

Question 10

Sikhism

Answer 10

Late 15th c. SYNCRETIC religion that developed in SOUTH Asia combining elements of Hindu and Muslim beliefs.

Question 11

Magnetic compass

Answer 11

Chinese invention from 206b BCE that allowed sailors to steer a ship in the right DIRECTION by using a MAGNETIZED needle that can pivot to align itself with MAGNETIC north.

Question 12

Astrolabe

Answer 12

A device invented in 225 BCE, that was used by sailors to find out how FAR north or south they were from the EQUATOR.

Question 13

Lateen sails

Answer 13

A 2nd c. Arab invention of a SHIP in the shape of a TRIANGLE which allowed a ship to travel in different directions by catching the wind on either side of the ship.

Question 14

Stern rudder

Answer 14

1st c. Chinese invention of a vertical blade or board located at the STERN (rear) of a SHIP, used for steering. It replaces older steering methods, such as the steering oar, and provides greater control and maneuverability for ships.

Question 15

Astronomical Charts

Answer 15

Map of the STARS and GALAXIES that marines relied on to guide ships direction used in many cultures, dating as far back as ancient Egyptians).

Question 16

Caravel

Answer 16

15th c. Portuguese invention of a small, three-masted sailing ship that allowed sailors to CROSS oceans.

Question 17

Carrack

Answer 17

A large, multi-DECKED sailing ship that was prominent in European naval fleets during the 14th to 17th centuries, used for long voyages and transporting a lot of CARGO.

Question 18

Fluyt

Answer 18

Late 16th c. Dutch cargo vessel designed for maximum cargo capacity and EFFICIENTLY, commonly used Dutch in exploration and trade.

Question 19

Trading-post empire

Answer 19

An empire that establishes and maintains dominance over TRADE routes based on small trading OUTPOSTS, rather than control of large TERRITORIES.

Question 20

Northwest Passage

Answer 20

England, France, and the Netherlands all sought to find this NORTHERN maritime ROUTE to Asia. However, the search was unsuccessful, as the only northern maritime route that goes across North America borders the Arctic and is therefore not an effect searoute.

Question 21

Eastern Hemisphere

Answer 21

The half of the earth which is EAST of the prime meridian, including Afro-Eurasia.

Question 22

Western Hemisphere

Answer 22

The half of the earth which lies WEST of the prime meridian, which includes the Americas.

Question 23

Maritime empire

Answer 23

EMPIRES that span across OCEANS; colonial empires

Question 24

Isolationist

Answer 24

Policy of AVOIDING INVOLVEMENT in the affairs or conflicts of other countries.

Question 25

Coerced labor

Answer 25

LABOR that is gained through use of force or COERCION.

Question 26

Chattel slavery

Answer 26

SLAVES that were considered the property of slave owners and their CHILDREN also were born into a status as slaves. This system of slavery developed during the 15th and 16th centuries as a result of the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

Question 27

Indentured servitude

Answer 27

A WORKER bound by a VOLUNTARY agreement (though often gained through Coercion and deception) to work for a specified year often in return for free Passage to an overseas destination.

Question 28

Encomienda system

Answer 28

A feudal SYSTEM carried out by the SPANISH monarchy in the Americas. While the Spanish monarchs claimed ownership of the land, they granted conquistadors to the right to manage the land and to demand labor into the mines and fields.

Question 29

Hacienda system

Answer 29

A SPANISH system that over replaced the Encomienda system -large agricultural estates owned by WEALTHY colonial landowners in the Americas and were worked by native populations who were coerced into indentured servitude.

Question 30

Mercantilism

Answer 30

A nationalistic economic policy implemented by European colonizing countries in the 1450-1750 era of COLONISM. It was designed for MAXIMIZE exports (especially of manufactured goods) and import of raw goods (from colonies.) Trade isa heavily controlled by the government in order to ensure the highest profits for the colonizing country .

Question 31

Joint-stock company

Answer 31

A COMPANY owned by shareholders (investor); a precursor to the STOCK market

Question 32

Transatlantic slave trade

Answer 32

Global TRADE of ENSLAVED Africans ACROSS the ATLANTIC OCEAN to the Americas.

Question 33

Religious syncretism

Answer 33

The COMBINING of DIFFERENT religious beliefs and practices, forming a NEW religion

Question 34

Maroon society

Answer 34

A group of formerly enslaved Africans and their descendants who gained their freedom by fleeing enslavement and running to remote mountains or sense forests establishing COMMUNITIES or integrating into communities of native populations.

Question 35

Casta System

Answer 35

A social CLASS system based on race developed by the SPANISH in the Americas. It established a fixed social class that a person is born into that was used to classify all of the races in America.

Question 36

Serfdom

Answer 36

The status of PEASANTS under MANORIALISM where SERFS were enslaved and tied to the land they worked on for life, unable to leave without the noble’s permission.