Period 2 Test Study Guide Units 3 & 4 Flashcards
How were land based empires able to expand?
through force using methods of conquest with gunpowder weapons, empires were later known as gunpowder empires because they gained their power and control from gunpowder. Some notable ones were the Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Qing Dynasties.
How were the expansion methods of land based empires different from other parts of the world (The Americas)?
Eurasia and Africa were harder conquer because you would have to fight for the land. However, in the Americas, the Native Americans were easier to conquer because they would die of diseases brought by the settlers and they did not have gunpowder.
What issues do you think can arise from land based state expansion?
economic problems and internal problems like corrupt military members. Funding all these gunpowder weapons couldn’t have been cheap and many empires failed to modernize.
What methods did rulers use to legitimize their power?
the divine right of kings, by military power/conquest, laws, and art and architecture.
What types of methods did land-based empires use to FINANCE their empires?
Land-based empires like the Qing dynasty collected tribute while other empires implemented tax farming.
Why was a centralized government especially important to land-based empires?
What methods did they use to centralize the government’s power?
helped keep control over large areas and different groups of people. They did this by setting up bureaucracies, having professional armies, building roads and bridges, and collecting taxes.
What were the main beliefs of the Protestant Reformation?
the idea that salvation is achieved through faith alone and that people should have a direct relationship with God instead of needing priests. These beliefs really went against the Catholic Church at the time.
Why did the Protestant Reformation start?
The Protestant Reformation started because a monk by the name of Martin Luther realized how corrupt the Catholic Church was and they would violate the Bible. He also believed that it was not allowed to buy your way into heaven. So he came up with the 95 theses statements which spread rapidly throughout the world because of the printing press.
How did the Protestant Reformation gain support from the ruling classes?
gained support from the ruling classes because it gave them a chance to take over church lands and wealth, meant more power and money for them. Plus, they liked the idea of not having to answer to the Pope and being able to control religious practices in their own territories.
What are some differences in how technology affected land based empires in Europe and Asia?
technology was used to conquer lands like gunpowder and cannons and not only that but it was used for the spread of ideas like the printing press. In Asia, agricultural technology was invented like champa rice which helped fuel the population.
How did Smallpox (pestilence) and other diseases spread in the Americas?
Smallpox and other diseases spread in the Americas after Indigenous populations made contact with the European explorers. This affected the native Americans because they had no immunity to these diseases.
Once the Spanish arrived in the Americas, what happened to the Indigenous populations after the Arrival of the Spanish (socially, politically, and economically).
Socially: Population declined because of diseases and unfair labor systems were put in place as well as social hierarchies like the Casta System.
Politically: The Spanish imposed their laws and rules replacing the government the natives built for themselves.
Economically: The Spanish exploited native labor for their gain through the encomienda system.
What was the purpose of the missionaries who came to the Americas with the Spanish?
The purpose of the missionaries who came to the Americas with the Spanish was to convert the Indigenous people to Christianity as they were seen as “savages”.
Explain how the Trading Post Empires began in the Indian Ocean. (Who, what technology, the steps).
began by the Portuguese and they established these empires around Africa and around the Indian Ocean. The technology used was caravels and gunpowder weapons to seize control. Once the Portuguese became a part of this trading network they weren’t interested in just participating peacefully but by controlling it by force.
What role did Christianity play in the expansion of European Empires?
It justified their colonization and the native Americans were converted to Christianity by Europeans.
European Trading Posts gave them access to what from China?
It gave them access to luxury goods such as silk, porcelain, tea and some spices.
Explain how the world became ECONOMICALLY connected during this time period - and what role did SILVER play in this?
People began to be dependent on each other through exports and imports. Silver was very desirable and valuable. This caused it to be in high demand and eventually used as currency.
What is Mercantilism and what country initially began with its use? Explain how mercantilism affected this country.
Mercantilism is an economic policy where there are more exports than imports. Sapin was the country that initially began Mercantilism, which affected the country because of the growing desire to expand by land.
How did European monarchs view the role of state power during this time period?
European monarchs favored centralized power during this time period.
What were the Maroon Wars? What was the result?
The Maroon Wars were enslaved people trying to regain their freedom. The result a signed peace treaty were Maroon communities gained freedom.
How did Europeans use warring groups within their colonies?
Europeans used warring groups with their colonies to defeat enemies.
How did ethnic divisions affect LAND BASED empires?
Ethnic divisions led to implementation of certain policies so that the empires could maintain control. For example, Jews in the Ottoman Empire had to pay a Jizya tax after being expelled from Spain and Portugal. In the Qing Empire, Han men were required to wear their hair in the traditional Queue of the Manchu, while the Mughals were tolerant.
How did ethnic divisions affect MARITIME BASED empires?
In maritime-based empires, ethnic divisions influenced the interaction between the Europeans and the indigenous population. For example, new social systems were put in place like the Casta system.
What are some similarities in POLICIES that land based AND maritime empires used to ACCOMMODATE ethnic diversity within their empires.
Some policies that both land-based and maritime empires used to accommodate ethnic diversity are either implementing strict laws or tolerance to maintain stability and control over their diverse territories.
