Period 2 Flashcards
1517, ______ _____ nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral. Luther had several explosive ideas including…
o The ______ alone was the source of God’s word (not the Bible and the church or pope).
o People are saved simply by ____ in Christ alone (not by faith and good works).
Martin Luther; bible; faith
What ignited the Protestant Reformation
the actions of Martin Luther
____ ____ preached Calvinism, which stressed “predestination” (those going to Heaven or hell has already been determined by God).
John Calvin
Basic doctrines were stated in the 1536 document entitled
Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Stated that all humans were weak and wicked, and only the predestined could go to heaven, no matter what.
Institutes of the Christian Religion.
were expected to seek “conversions,” signs that they were one of the predestined, and afterwards, lead “sanctified lives.” They are famous for working hard, dusk to dawn, to “prove” their worthiness.
Calvinists
The impact of _______ has been vividly stamped on the psyche of Americans, and been called the “Protestant Work Ethic”
Calvinism
In England, King ______ ___ was breaking his ties with the Holy Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s.
Henry VIII
Some people, called _____, were influenced to totally reform (“purify”) the Church of England
Puritans
The Puritans believed that only “_______ _____” should be admitted to church membership.
visible saints
_________ vowed to break away from the Church of England (AKA, the Anglican Church) because the “saints” would have to sit with the “damned.” These folks became the Pilgrims.
Separatists
________, father of the beheaded Charles I, harassed the Separatists out of England because he thought that if people could defy him as their spiritual leader, they might defy him as their political ruler.
King James I
The Pilgrims or Separatists, came from ______, where they had fled to after they had left England
Holland
They were concerned that their children were getting too “___________”
“Dutchified.”
They wanted a place where they were free to _______ their own religion and could live and die as good Pilgrims.
worship
After negotiating with the _________ ______, the Separatists left Holland and sailed for 65 days at sea on the _______ until they arrived off the rocky coast of New England in 1620, a trip in which only one person died and one person was born.
Virginia Company; Mayflower;
Less than half of the pilgrims on the Mayflower were actually _________.
Separatists
Contrary to myth, the Pilgrims undertook a few surveys before deciding to settle at ______, an area far from Virginia.
Plymouth
The Pilgrims became _______, people without legal right to land and without specific authority to establish government.
squatters
______ _____ ______ (AKA, “Captain Shrimp”) proved to be a great Indian fighter and negotiator.
Captain Myles Standish
Before leaving the ship, the Pilgrims signed the _________ ___, a set of rules by which to obey.
Mayflower Compact
Though it wasn’t a constitution, it did set the standard for later constitutions. It also set the first step toward ______ in the Northern colonies.
self-rule
In the winter of 1620-21, only 44 of the ___ survived
102
1621 brought bountiful harvests, and the first _________ was celebrated that year
Thanksgiving
chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in the annual elections, was a great leader, and helped Plymouth to survive and trade fur, fish, and lumber.
William Bradford
In 1691, Plymouth finally merged with the
Massachusetts Bay Colony
In 1629, some non-Separatist Puritans got a ____ ______ from England to settle in the New World. Secretly, they took the charter with them and later used it as a type of constitution.
royal charter
It was a well-equipped group of __ ships that carried about 1,000 people to Massachusetts.
11
was elected governor or deputy governor for 19 years, helping Massachusetts prosper in fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding
John Winthrop
Soon after the establishment of the colony, the ______ (right to vote) was extended to all “freemen,” adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations (later called the Congregational Church), making people who could enjoy the franchise about two fifths of the male population
franchise
_______ men and women weren’t allowed into matters of government
Un-churched
The ______ government was not a democracy.
provincial
feared and distrusted the common people, calling democracy the “meanest and worst” of all forms of government.
Governor Winthrop
_______ leaders wielded powerful influence over the admission to church membership
Religious
a prominent clergy member, was educated at Cambridge and had immigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution for his criticism of the Church of England.
John Cotton
However, _________ could hire and fire their ministers at will.
congregations
Still, there were laws to limit Earthly pleasures, such as a fine of _____ _______ for couples caught kissing in public.
twenty shillings
The _____ concept of Hell was very serious, frightening, and very real.
Puritan
______ _______ “Day of Doom,” written in 1662, sold one copy for every twenty people.
Michael Wigglesworth’s
were fined, flogged, and/or banished.
Quakers
was a very intelligent, strong-willed, talkative woman who claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. A notion known as “antinomianism”.
Anne Hutchinson
boasted that her beliefs were directly from God. She was banished from the colony and eventually made her way to Rhode Island. She died in New York after an attack by Indians
Anne Hutchinson
was a radical idealist hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean and complete break with the Church of England
Roger Williams
He went on to deny that civil government could and should govern religious behavior.
He was banished in 1635, and led the way for the Rhode Island colony.
Roger Williams
People who went to ______ _______ weren’t necessarily similar; they were just unwanted everywhere else.
Rhode Island
They were against special privilege.
Rhode Island
was later known as “the traditional home of the otherwise minded.”
“Little Rhody”
finally secured a charter in 1644.
Rhode Island
In 1635, _______, ______ was founded
Hartford, Connecticut
Reverend ____ _____ led an energetic group of Puritans west into Connecticut.
Thomas Hooker
In 1639, settlers of the new Connecticut River colony drafted in open meeting a trailblazing document called the
Fundamental Orders.
It was basically a modern constitution
the Fundamental Orders
In 1638, ___ ______ was founded and eventually merged into Connecticut.
New Haven
In 1623, ______ was absorbed by Massachusetts and remained so for nearly a century and a half.
Maine
In 1641, the granite-ribbed _____ ________ was absorbed into Massachusetts.
New Hampshire
In 1679, the king separated the two and made New Hampshire a
royal colony
Before the Puritans had arrived in 1620, an epidemic had swept through the _____, killing over three quarters of them
Indians
At first, Indians tried to _______ the Whites.
befriend
_______, a Wampanoag, helped keep relative peace
Squanto
In 1637, though, after mounting tensions exploded, English settlers and the powerful Pequot tribe fought in the _______ ___, in which the English set fire to a Pequot village on Connecticut’s Mystic River, annihilating the Indians and bringing about forty years of tentative peace.
Pequot War
In an attempt to save face, the Puritans did try to convert some of the ______, though with less zeal than that of the Spanish and French
Indians
In 1675, _______ (called King Philip by the English) united neighboring Indians in a last-ditched attack that failed.
Metacom
The _____ ______ _____ slowed the colonial western march, but Metacom was beheaded and quartered and his head was stuck on a sharp pike for all to see, his wife and son sold to slavery.
King Philip’s War
