Period 1 Flashcards
Recorded history began 6,000 years ago. It was ___ years ago that Europeans set foot on the Americas to begin colonization
500
The theory of _____ exists suggesting that the continents were once nestled together into one mega-continent. They then spread out as drifting islands.
Pangaea
Geologic forces of continental plates created the ________ and ______ _________
Appalachian and Rocky Mountains.
The _____ ___ ___ thrust down over North America & scoured the present day American Midwest
Great Ice Age
As the Great Ice Age diminished, so did the glaciers over ______ _______.
North America
The theory holds that a Land Bridge emerged linking ____ & ____ ______ across what is now known as the Bering Sea. People were said to have _____ across the “bridge” before the sea level rose and sealed it off; thus populating the Americas.
Asia & North America; walked
(The Land Bridge Theory)
Many peoples
Those groups that traversed the bridge spread across ____, _______, and ______ ________.
Countless tribes emerged with an estimated _____ languages.
North, Central, and South America; 2,000
The Land Bridge is said to have occurred an estimated _____ years ago.
35,000
Yucatan Peninsula, with their step pyramids
Mayas
Peru, with elaborate network of roads and bridges linking their empire
Incas
Mexico, with step pyramids and huge sacrifices of conquered peoples
Aztecs
Development of corn or maize around ______ __ in Mexico was revolutionary in that: Then, people didn’t have to be _________; they could settle down and be farmers. Gave rise to towns and cities..
5,000 B.C. ; hunter-gatherers
Corn arrived in the present day U.S. around ______
1,200 B.C.
The _____ were the 1st American corn growers.
Pueblos
They lived in ____ houses (dried mud) and Pueblos (“villages” in Spanish). Pueblos are _____ of cubicle shaped adobe houses, stacked one on top the other and often beneath cliffs.
adobe; villages
They had elaborate _______ _______ to draw water away from rivers to grown corn
irrigation systems
these people built huge ceremonial and burial mounds and were located in the Ohio Valley.
Mound builders
near East St. Louis today, held _____ people.
Cahokia; 40,000
Eastern Indians grew corn, beans, and squash in ____ _____ ______
three sister farming
This group likely had the best (most diverse) diet of all North American Indians and is typified by the ______, _____, _______, and _______
Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw (South) and Iroquois (North).
was the legendary leader of the Iroquois Confederation
Hiawatha
a group of 5 tribes in New York state
The Iroquois Confederation
The Iroquois were matrilineal as ______ and possessions passed down through the _____ line.
authority, female
Native Americans had a very different view of things as compared to _______
Europeans;
• Native Americans felt no man owned the land, the tribe did. (Europeans liked private property)
• Indians felt nature was mixed with many spirits. (Europeans were Christian and monotheistic)
• Indians felt nature was sacred. (Europeans felt nature and land was given to man by God in Genesis to be subdued and put to use).
• Indians had little or no concept or interest in money. (Europeans loved money or gold)
The 1st Europeans to come to America were the
Norse (Vikings from Norway).
Around 1000 AD, the Vikings landed, led by ____ ___ ____ and Leif Erikson.
Erik the Red
The vikings landed in
Vinland or Newfoundland
The vikings left with no _____ _______, therefore got no credit
written records
The _____ ______ of Middle Ages fought in Palestine to regain the Holy Land from Muslims. This mixing of East and West created a sweet-tooth where Europeans wanted the ____ of the exotic East.
Christian Crusaders; spices
traveled to China and stirred up a storm of European interest.
Marco Polo
…. an East to West (Asia to Europe) trade flourished but had to be overland, at least in part. This initiated new exploration down around Africa in hopes of an easier (all water) route.
because of a desire for spices
started a sailing school to find better ways to get to the Spice Islands, eventually rounding Africa’s southern Cape of Good Hope.
Portugal
a ship with triangular sail that could better tack (zig-zag) ahead into the wind and thus return to Europe from Africa coast
Caravel
to determine direction
Compass
a sextant gizmo that could tell a ship’s latitude.
astrolabe
The 1st slave trade was across
the Sahara Desert and then across the West African Coast
Slave traders purposely busted up _____ and ______ in order to squelch any possible uprising.
tribes and families
Slaves wound up on _____ _______ the Portuguese had set up on the tropical islands off Africa’s coast
sugar plantations
Spain watched Portugal’s success with _______ and slaving and wanted a piece of the pie.
exploration
Christopher Columbus convinced _______ __ ______ to fund his expedition
Isabella and Ferdinand
His goal was to reach the ____ by sailing west, thus bypassing the around-Africa route that Portugal monopolized
East (East Indies)
He misjudged the size of the Earth though, thinking it ___ the size of what it was.
So, after __ ____ or so at sea, when he struck land, he assumed he’d made it to the East Indies and therefore mistook the people as “_______.”
1/3; 6 weeks; Indians
would provide the market, capital, technology
Europe
would provide the labor
Africa
would provide the raw materials (gold, soil, lumber)
The New World
Of huge importance was the biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds. Simply put, we traded life such as plants, foods, animals, germs. The Fiora and the Fauna.
The Colombian Exchange
Corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, etc. also, syphilis.
From the New World (America) to the Old
cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc. ;devastating diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, malaria), as Indians had no immunities.
From the Old World to the New
Slave Labor
Africa
The ______ had no immunities in their systems built up over generations.
Indians
An estimated ___ of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly due to disease.
90%
Portugal and Spain feuded over who got what land. The Pope drew this line as he was respected by both.
Treaty Line of Tordesillas 1494
got everything east of the line (Brazil and land around/under Africa)
Portugal
got everything west of the line (which turned out to be much more, though they didn’t know it at the time)
Spain
“discovered” the Pacific Ocean across isthmus of Panama
Vasco Balboa (1513)
circumnavigates the globe (1st to do so)
Ferdinand Magellan (1510-1522)
touches and names Florida looking for legendary Fountain of Youth
Ponce de Leon (1513-1521)
enters Florida, travels up into present day Southeastern U.S., dies and is “buried” in Mississippi River
Hernando Cortes (1539-1542)
conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain. This huge influx of precious metals made European prices skyrocket (inflation).
Francisco Pizzaro (1532)
ventured into current Southwest U.S. looking for legendary El Dorado, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians.
Francisco Coronado (1540-1542)
Indians were “commended” or given to Spanish landlords
The idea of the ______ was that Indians would work and be converted to Christianity, but it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation disguised as missionary work. Bartolomé De Las Casas said it was a “moral pestilence”.
encomienda
conquered the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan. Went from Cuba to present day Vera Cruz, then marched over mountains to the Aztec capital.
Hernan Cortez
Aztec king, thought Cortez might be the god Quetzalcoatl who was due to re-appear the very year. He welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan.
Montezuma
The Spanish lust for ____ led Montezuma to attack on the “noche triste”, sad night. Cortez and men fought their way out, but it was ________ that eventually beat the Indians.
gold; smallpox
The Spanish then destroyed Tenochtitlan, building the Spanish ______ (____ ___) exactly on top of the Aztec city.
capital; Mexico City
A new race of people emerged, ______, a mix of Spanish and Indian blood
mestizos
Spanish society quickly spread through
Peru and Mexico
(an Italian who sailed for England) touched the coast of the current day U.S. (1497-1498)
John Cabot
(france) also touched on the North American seaboard. (1524)
Giovanni de Verrazano
(france) went into mouth of the St. Lawrence River in Canada. (1534)
Jacques Cartier
Spain set up ____ (presidios) all over the California coast to oppose threats from neighbors. Also used cities, like St. Augustine in Florida.
forts
followed Coronado’s old path into present day New Mexico. He conquered the Indians ruthlessly, maiming them by cutting off one foot of survivors just so they’d remember.
Don Juan de Onate
Despite mission efforts, the _____ _____ revolted in Pope’s Rebellion
Pueblo Indians
sailed down the Mississippi River for France claiming the whole region for their King Louis and naming the area “Louisiana” after his king. This started a slew of place-names for that area, from ______, Illinois to “Louisville” and then on down to New Orleans (the American counter of Joan of Arc’s famous victory at Orleans).
Robert de la Salle; La Salle
founds first California Mission in San Diego
Serra
was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery); though true, they also brought good things such as law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, civilization, so this is partly, but not entirely, accurate.
The Black Legend
in 1600 was largely unclaimed, though the Spanish had much control in Central and South America
North America
Set up Santa Fe
Spain
Set up Quebec
France
Set up Jamestown
Britain
failed to effectively colonize due to internal conflicts in the 1500s
Britain
broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s and launched the English Protestant Reformation.
King Henry VIII
After _______ __ became queen (1588), Britain became basically Protestant, and a rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified
Elizabeth I
In ______, the Catholics sought Spain’s help in revolting against England, but the English crushed the uprising with brutal atrocity, and developed an attitude of sneering contempt for natives.
Ireland
one of Queen Elizabeth’s favorite attendants. He challenged the Catholics dominance, and was later beheaded for treason.
Sir Walter Raleigh
pirated Spanish ships for gold then circumnavigated the globe. Elizabeth I knighted him on his ship. Obviously, this reward angered the Spanish who sought revenge.
Francis Drake
English attempts at colonization in the New World (Newfoundland) failed embarrassingly. Notable of these failures was Sir Walter Raleigh and the ______ Island Colony, better known as “___ ____ ______.”
Roanoke; The Lost Colony
attacked Britain but lost in the Spanish Armada’s defeat of 1588. This opened the door for Britain to cross the Atlantic, and they immediately took over in colonization and power.
Spain
Victory also fueled England to new heights due to (SPAM)
o Strong government
o Popular monarch
o A sense of nationalism
o More religious unity
Golden age of literature
Shakespeare
Britain and Spain finally signed a peace treaty in
1604
New policy of ______ (fencing in land) for farming. This meant there was less or no land for the poor.
enclosure
The ______ _____ fell upon hard times economically. This meant the workers lost jobs.
woolen districts
Tradition of ________ = 1st born son inherits ALL the father’s land. Therefore, younger sons of rich folk (who couldn’t inherit money) tried their luck with fortunes elsewhere, like America.
primogeniture
By the 1600s, the _____ ____ _______ was perfected (investors put money into the company with hopes for a good return), being a forerunner of today’s corporations
joint-stock company
In 1606, the _____ _______ received a charter from King James I to make a settlement in the New World.
Virginia Company
The charter of the Virginia Company guaranteed settlers the _____ _____ as Englishmen in Britain.
same rights
On (Date), about 100 English settlers disembarked from their ship and founded Jamestown.
May 24, 1607
__ colonists perished during the voyage.
40
o the swampy site of Jamestown meant poor drinking water and mosquitoes causing malaria and yellow fever.
o Men wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops)
o There were zero women on the initial ship.
Problems that emerged in Jamestown
a supply ship shipwrecked in the ______ in 1609 either
Bahamas
in 1608, a _____ ____ _____ took over control and whipped the colonists into shape.
Captain John Smith
_____ ____ accompanied John Smith on his expedition to Virginia
George Percy
he was kidnapped by local Indians and forced into a mock execution by the chief Powhatan and had been “saved” by Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas.
(The act was meant to show that Powhatan wanted peaceful relations with the colonists)
John Smith
John Smith’s main contribution was that he gave order and discipline, highlighted by his
“no work, no food” policy
in ____ a relief party headed by Lord De La Warr arrived to alleviate the suffering
1610
By 1625, out of an original overall total of 8,000 would-be settlers, only ______ had survived.
1,200
possibly considered the new colonists potential allies and tried to be friendly with them, but as time passed and colonists raided Indian food supplies, relations deteriorated and eventually, war occurred.
Powhatan
ended in 1614 with a peace settlement sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe. Rolfe & Pocahontas nurtured a favorable flavor of sweet tobacco.
The First Anglo-Powhatan War
began in 1644, ended in 1646, and effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands.
The Second Anglo-Powhatan War
In ___ the Indians struck again with a series of attacks that left 347 settlers, including John Rolfe, dead.
1622
fell due to disease, disorganization, and disposability
Powhatans
After the settlers began to ____ ____ ____ _____ the Indians were useless, and were therefore banished
grow their own food
Jamestown’s gold is found and it is
tobacco
was the father of the tobaccos industry. His sweet tobacco was sought as a cash crop by Europe. (1612)
Rolfe
Tobacco created a greed for land, since it heavily depleted the soil and ruined the land. “Bewitching weed” & ______ _________
King Nicotine.
Representative self-government was born in Virginia, when in 1619, settlers created the ______ __ _______, a committee to work out local issues. This set America on a self-rule pathway.
House of Burgesses
The first African Americans to arrive in America also came in ___. It’s unclear if they were slaves or indentured servants.
1619
In 1650, VA counted 300 blacks, and they made up 14% of the colony’s population; _ to _ ratio
4 to 1
______ _ grows hostile towards VA. He hated tobacco, and called the House of Burgesses the “Seminary of Sedition”. In 1624 he revoked the charter of the bankrupt and beleaguered the Virginia Company.
James I
was found in Maryland (catholic heaven)
Religious Diversity
Founded in 1634 by ____ ______, Maryland was the second plantation colony and the fourth overall colony to be formed.
Lord Baltimore
It was founded to be a place for _______ Catholics to find refuge, a safe haven
persecuted
Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic ______, but the poorer people who settled there were mostly Protestant, creating friction. They prospered with tobacco
relatives
had a lot of indentured servants
Maryland
Only in the later years of the 1600s (in Maryland and Virginia) did ______ ______ begin to become popular.
Black slavery
Maryland’s statute, the ___ ___ _______, guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians, but decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ.
Act of Toleration
As the British were colonizing Virginia, they were also settling into the _____ ______ (Spain’s declining power opened the door).
West Indies
______ England was still prosecuting Roman Catholics.
Protestant
By mid-1600s, England had secured claim to several West Indies islands, including ______ in 1655.
Jamaica
They grew lots of _____ on brutal plantations there
sugar
Thousands of African slaves were needed to operate sugar plantations. At first, Indians were intended to be used, but disease killed an estimated ___ of all Native Americans. So, Africans were brought in.
90%
To control so many slaves, “_____” were set up that defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of the masters. They were typically strict and exacted severe punishments for offenders.
codes
In England, King Charles I had been beheaded. _____ ______ had ruled for ten very strict years before tired Englishmen restored Charles II to the throne in “The Restoration.” (After all the turmoil Civil War, they just went back to a king.)
Oliver Cromwell
The _____ period had interrupted colonization
bloody
Carolina was named after ______ __, and was formally created in 1670.
Charles II
Carolina flourished by developing _____ ________ ___ with the West Indies, due to the port of Charleston.
close economic ties
Many original Carolina settlers had come from _______ and brought in the strict “Slave Codes” for ruling slaves
Barbados
Indians as slaves in Carolina were protested, but to no avail. Slaves were sent to the ___ _____ to work, as well as New England.
West Indies
emerged as the principle crop in Carolina
rice
______ slaves were hired to work on rice plantations, due to their resistance to malaria and just as importantly, their familiarity with rice.
African
Despite _____ with Spanish and Indians, Carolina proved to be too strong to be wiped out.
violence
Many newcomers to Carolina were “_______,” people who owned no land, usually down from Virginia.
squatters
North Carolinians developed a strong resistance to _____, due to geographic isolation from neighbors.
authority
Two “_______” of Carolinians developed: (a) aristocratic and wealthier down south around Charleston and rice & indigo plantations, and (b) strong-willed and independent-minded up north on small tobacco farms
flavors
In ___, North and South Carolina were officially separated.
1712
In 1711, when Tuscarora Indians attacked North Carolina, the Carolinians responded by crushing the opposition, selling hundreds to slavery and leaving the rest to wander north, eventually becoming the ____ Nation of the Iroquois.
sixth
______ was intended to be a buffer between the British colonies and the hostile Spanish settlements in Florida (Spanish, Indians, runaway slaves) and the enemy French in Louisiana.
Georgia
It was founded last, in 1733, by a high-minded group of ________, mainly James Oglethorpe.
philanthropists
Named after King George II (Georgia), it was also meant to be a second chance site for
wretched souls in debt.
the ablest of the founders and a dynamic soldier-statesman, repelled Spanish attacks. He saved “the Charity Colony” by his energetic leadership and by using his own fortune to help with the colony.
James Oglethorpe
All Christians, except ______, enjoyed religious toleration, and many missionaries came to try to convert the Indians.
Catholics
John Wesley was one of them, and he later returned to England and founded ________.
Methodism
_____ grew very slowly.
Georgia
______ was found in all the plantation colonies.
Slavery
The growth of cities was often stunted by ______
forests
The establishment of ______ and _______ was difficult due to people being spread out
schools and churches
In the South, the crops were _____ and _____, and some indigo in the tidewater region of SC.
tobacco and rice
All the _______ colonies permitted some religious toleration
plantation
________ with Native Americans were often
confrontations
In what is now ____ ____ _______, the Iroquois League (AKA the Iroquois Confederation) was once a great power.
New York State
They were made up of the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas.
The Iroquois Confederation
They vied with neighboring ______ and later French, English, and Dutch for supremacy.
Indians
The _________ was the building block of Iroquois society. Only 25 feet wide, but over 200 feet long, these were typically occupied by a few blood-related families (on the mother’s side).
longhouse
The ______ were middlemen with European traders
Mohawks
The ________ were fur suppliers.
sencas
The Five Nations of the Iroquois’ _____, the neighboring Hurons, Eries, and Petuns, were vanquished.
rivals
When the American Revolution broke out, the question of with whom to side was split. Most sided with the _____, but not all.
British
Afterwards, the Iroquois were forced to _______, which proved to be unbearable to these proud people.
reservations
An Iroquois named ________ ________ arose to warn his tribe’s people to mend their ways. His teachings live today in the form of the longhouse religion.
Handsome Lake
