Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards
What changed regarding Spanish exploration domination in the Americas from 1607-1754?
Soanish domination is going to shift to the British becoming more powerful due to the Spaniards defeat in Spanish Armada
Henry Hudson
The Dutch hired Henry Hudson to seek westward passage to Asia
- He sailed up river in the Northwest settlements (this river is now named after him - 1600)
- Hudson also established claims to New Amsterdam (surround area will be know as New York - 1609)
John Cabot
Italian navigator and explorer
- His 1497 voyage to the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England
(earliest known European exploration of coastal North America)
Joint Stock Companies
Used to finance risky enterprises of colonization
Corporate Colonies
Operated by joint stock company
-Profitable
-Expands British economy
Royal Colonies
Under direct rule of the King’s Gov’t
Proprietary Colonies
Under authority of individuals that were granted charter of ownership by the King
Representative Gov’t
Unlike French and Spanish, the British had a history of this
-Uses to elect leaders
- Monarchy
- The people!
Jamestown (Colony Type, Founders, Issues and Other Info)
Colony Type: Corporate colony then turned to Royal colony (Virginia joint stock company was nearly bankrupt so had to switch to Royal)
Founders: King James I, John Smith
Issues: Swampy, disease (dysentery, malaria), men looking for gold, no farmers or hunters
- There was a starving period (winter)
Other: Operated under headlight system but labor then shifted to enslaved Africans
- One of the FIRST English settlements
King James I
Charted Virginia joint stock company and founded Jamestown
John Smith
Helped people survive in Jamestown
John Rolfe / Pocohontas
Helped cultivate tabacco (a cash crop) in Jamestown
Plymouth (Type of Colony, Founders and Other Info)
Type of colony: Corporate Colony
Founders: Separatists
Other: Traveled to Americas by Mayflower to escape religious persecution in England
- Became known as the Pilgrims because of their vast travels
- First winter helped by Native Americans (Thanksgiving)
Headright System
50 acres of land to any one who could pay for passage of a settler to the colony
Separatists
A group that founded the Plymouth colony (they were separate from the Church)
Massachusetts Bay Colony (Colony Type, Founders and Other Info)
Type: Corporate Colony
Founders: Puritains, John Winthrop
Other: They were persecuted under Charles I do they left for new world to create this colony
- Made up of several settlements
John Winthrop
He was a leader and founded Boston
- He started a movement called the “Great Migration” (hence the name he was one of the main people who wanted the British to migrate to the new world)
Act of Toleration
The first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians
- Called for the death of anybody who denied Jesus
Protestant Revolt
King Charles split Colony of Virginia to make Maryland for the some purpose of providing a safe haven for Catholic persecution in England
- This leads to the Protestant Reformation
House of Burgesses
One of the first representative assembly’s in Virginia
- Dominated by wealthy, white planters (who owned land)
Mayflower Compact
Document by the Pilgrins to pledge to make decisions for the good of the majority
What were the limits of Colonial Democracy
- Only for wealthy, white, male property owners
-Exluding women, enslaved Africans, Native Americans, etc.
Triangular Trade
A three part route between North America, Africa and Europe
Merchantilism
A countries wealth was determined by how much more it exports rather than imports
- Get’s colonies to buy within the country using tariffs and they existed for the sole purpose of serving the mother country
The Three Rules of the Acts of Trade and Navigation
- Trade to and from colonies could only be carried by English ships
- All goods imported into colonies had to pass through ports in England
- Specific enumerated goods from colonies could only be exported to England (Ex: tabacco)
Salutary Neglect
Smuggling of goods and resources, black markets (British were oblivious to this…for only a little bit) lead to Dominion of New England
Dominion of New England
England had enough of the trade violations (salutary neglect) and in 1684 they revoked the charter of Massachusetts and put it in control of Sir Edmund Andros as the Dominion of New England
- Levied taxes, limited town meetings, revoked land titles
- When King James II was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution this ended
What impact did the Glorious Revolution make?
- King James II was overthrown
- Merchantilist policies and colonial resistance continued
- Salutary neglect kicks off again
New England Confederation
A group of New England colonies that organized cor mutual protection from Native Americans and their potential attacks
Members: Two representatives from each colony
Significance: Could lead to wars but it also brought colonies together
Metacom’s War (King Phillip’s War)
War between the Native Americans and Colonists
Cause: A few years before confederations demise, Cheif of Wampanog tribe united tribes in Southern area to defend against Europeams encroachment of their land
Significance: Several villages burned down, hundreds killed, thousands injured
Ended Native resistance in New England
Bacon’s Rebellion
Cause: William Berkley (‘dictirial governor of Virginia) harmed poor farmers (one of them was Nathaniel Bacon) - led to rebellion against Berkley
Significance: Burned down Jamestown
- Bacon does so rebel army collapses
- Berkley prevails, executing 23 rebels)
Pueblo Revolt
Revolt where various Pueblo tribe united against Spanish
Cause: Missionaries had a harsh program from conversion to Catholicism
Significance: Great death, Spanish are driven from area until 1692
Indentured Servants
Enslaved Africand were to expensive to early settlers so they used these people who were under contract with a landowner
- They worked 4-7 years then gained freedom and worked for themselves
The Great Awakening
What is it: A movement, in the mid 1700’s started by the New England colonies, of strong expressions toward religion among the masses to being back old strictness with religion
Jonathan Edwards
One of the best known leaders of the Great Awakening
- He traveled across the colonies spreading word of the dangers of eternal damination
George Whitefield
A well known preacher in the Great Awakening
- He attracted audiences and preached that you must beileve in Jesus to be “saved”
- He also believed that ordinary people can practice on their own without ministers
The Zenger Case
John Peter Zenger criticized New York’s royal governor which sparked up this trial whether if he should he jailed for that
- Alexander Hamilton argues as Zenger’s representation
- Zenger won the case but it didn’t guarentee freedom of the press but it did make people start to be more critical of the gov’t
The Enlightenment
A movement in literature and philosophy where the belief was that the “light” of reason could solve humanity’s problems
Impacts: Separation of church and state, more power within the people
- Citizens have the right to overthrow the gov’t if it failed to protect their rights (social contract)
- Provides rationale for American Revolution and the Constitution
First mass movement amongst the colonists
John Locke
He argued during the Enlightenment that people have natural rights that Gov’t is supposed to protect
- He layed the foundations for the Bill of Rights
William Penn
Founded the Pennsylvania colony and was an influential Quaker
Quaker
A religious society primarily in Pennsylvania
Halfway Covenent (1662)
Individuals could become partial church members even if they didn’t convert
Salem Witch Trials (1682)
19 people hung, 1 pressed to death because of religion
The Holy Experiment
An attempt by the Quakers to establish a community for themselves and for those who were persecuted, community would become Pennsylvania
