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Histopathology and Cytopathology > Period 1 Exam Reviewer > Flashcards

Period 1 Exam Reviewer Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology is derived from the Greek words _____ and _____ which means?

A 
pathos = suffering
logos = study
Pathology = study of suffering
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2
Q

It is a discipline that bridges clinical practice and basic science, and it involves the investigation of the causes (etiology) of disease as well as the underlying mechanisms (pathogenesis) that result in the presenting signs and symptoms of the patient.

A

Pathology

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3
Q

Enumerate the etiology/causes of disease

A 
Toxins
Infections
Immunologic Abnormalities
Genetic Abnormalities (Inherited/Acquired)
Nutritional Imbalances
Trauma
Structural Change
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4
Q

Enumerate the pathogenesis/mechanisms of disease

A

Biochemical Changes

Structural Changes

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5
Q

Enumerate the steps in the evolution of disease

A
  1. Etiology/Cause of disease
  2. Pathogenesis/Mechanism of disease
  3. Molecular, Functional and Morphologic abnormalities in cells and tissues
  4. Clinical manifestations/Signs and symptoms of disease
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6
Q

Enumerate the divisions of pathology

A
  1. Anatomical Pathology
  2. Clinical Pathology
  3. Molecular Pathology
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7
Q

A division of pathology wherein it studies the effect of disease on the structure of body organs, both as a whole (grossly) and microscopically.

A

Anatomical Pathology

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8
Q

A division of pathology in which it supports the diagnosis of disease using laboratory testing of blood and other bodily fluids and tissues, and microscopic evaluation of individual cells.

A

Clinical Pathology

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9
Q

A division of pathology that includes the detection and diagnosis of abnormalities at the level of DNA of the cell

A

Molecular Pathology

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10
Q

Enumerate the subdivisions under anatomical pathology.

A

Surgical Pathology
Histopathology
Cytopathology
Forensic Pathology

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11
Q

A subdivision of anatomical pathology in which it deals with the study of tissues removed from the living body.

A

Surgical Pathology

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12
Q

A subdivision of anatomical pathology that involves the study of structural changes observed by the naked eye examination referred to as gross or macroscopic changes, and the changes detected by light and electron microscopy supported by numerous special staining methods including histochemical and immunological techniques to arrive at the most accurate diagnosis.

A

Histopathology

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13
Q

A subdivision of anatomical pathology that includes the study of cells shed off from the lesions (exfoliative cytology) and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of superficial and deep-seated lesions for diagnosis

A

Cytopathology

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14
Q

A subdivision of anatomical pathology wherein this includes the study of organs and tissues removed at postmortem for medicolegal work and for determining the underlying sequence and cause of death.

A

Forensic Pathology

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15
Q

True or False.

Cells are active participants in their environment, constantly adjusting their structure and function to accommodate changing demands and extracellular stresses.

A

True

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16
Q

True or False.

Cells tend to maintain their intracellular milieu within a fairly narrow range of physiologic parameters; that is, they maintain normal homeostasis.

A

True

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17
Q

True or False.

As cells encounter physiologic stresses or pathologic stimuli, they can undergo adaptation, achieving a new steady-state and preserving viability and function.

A

True

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18
Q

Enumerate the stages in the cellular response to

stress and injurious stimuli

A
  1. Normal Cell (homeostasis)
  2. Adaptation (stress, increased demand)
  3. Cell injury (injurious stimulus/inability to adapt)
  4. Reversible cell injury
  5. Subcellular alterations
  6. Necrosis (point of irreversibility)
  7. Apoptosis
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19
Q

True or False.

Adaptations are reversible changes in the number, size, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.

A

True

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20
Q

True or False.

Physiologic adaptations usually represent responses of cells to normal stimulation by hormones or endogenous chemical mediators.

A

True

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21
Q

True or False.

Pathologic adaptations are responses to stress that allow cells to modulate their structure and function and thus escape injury.

A

True

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22
Q

It is defined as an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ,

A

Hypertrophy

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23
Q

In ________ there are no new cells, just bigger cells.

A

pure hypertrophy

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24
Q

It is characterized by enlargement due to an increased amount of structural proteins and organelles.

A

Hypertrophy

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25
Q

True or False.

Hypertrophy occurs when cells are incapable of dividing.

A

True

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26
Q

True or False.

Hypertrophy can be physiologic or pathologic and is caused either by increased functional demand or by specific hormonal stimulation.

A

True

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27
Q

True or False.

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia can also occur together,

A

True

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28
Q

True or False.

Examples of pathologic cellular hypertrophy include the cardiac enlargement that occurs with hypertension or aortic valve disease

A

True

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29
Q

It is characterized by an increase in cell number.

A

Hyperplasia

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30
Q

It takes place if the cell population is capable of replication; it may occur with hypertrophy and often in response to the same stimuli.

A

Hyperplasia

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31
Q

True or False.

Hyperplasia can be physiologic or pathologic.

A

True

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32
Q

Enumerate the two types of physiologic hyperplasia.

A

Hormonal Hyperplasia

Compensatory Hyperplasia

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33
Q

It is a type of physiologic hyperplasia that exemplified by the proliferation of the glandular epithelium of the female breast at puberty and during pregnancy;

A

Hormonal Hyperplasia

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34
Q

It is a type of physiologic hyperplasia that occurs when a portion of the tissue is removed or diseased.

A

Compensatory Hyperplasia

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35
Q

True or False.

Most forms of pathologic hyperplasia are caused by excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation.

A

True

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36
Q

It is defined as the shrinkage in the size of the cell by the loss of cell substance.

A

Atrophy

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37
Q

It occurs when a sufficient number of cells are involved and the entire tissue or organ diminishes in size.

A

Atrophy

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38
Q

Enumerate the causes of atrophy

A 
Loss of innervation
Diminished blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Aging (senile atrophy)
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39
Q

True or False.

Atrophy results from decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells.

A

True

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40
Q

True or False.

Atrophy is also accompanied by increased autophagy, with resulting increases in the number of autophagic vacuoles.

A

True

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41
Q

It is defined as the process in which the starved cell eats its own components in an attempt to find nutrients and survive.

A

Autophagy (self-eating)

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42
Q

It is a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type.

A

Metaplasia

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43
Q

True or False.

In this type of cellular adaptation, cells sensitive to particular stress are replaced by other cells types better able to withstand the adverse environment.

A

True

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44
Q

True or False.

Metaplasia is thought to arise by genetic “reprogramming” of stem cells rather than transdifferentiation of already differentiated cells.

A

True

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45
Q

True or False.

Vitamin A deficiency may also induce squamous metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium.

A

True

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46
Q

It is otherwise known as atypical hyperplasia.

A

Dysplasia

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47
Q

It is defined as abnormal growth and differentiation in which there are variations of size, shape and
orientation of the cell.

A

Dysplasia

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48
Q

True or False.

Dysplasia may lead to cancer but not necessarily.

A

True

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49
Q

Enumerate the causes of dysplasia

A

Chronic irritation

Protracted irritation

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50
Q

It is otherwise known as undifferentiated cells

A

Anaplasia

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51
Q

It is an irreversible cell injury wherein cellular tissue changes from a more or less differentiated form.

A

Anaplasia

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52
Q

True or False.

Anaplasia is more primitive and embryonic-looking.

A

True

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53
Q

It results when cells are stressed so severely that they are no longer able to or when cells are exposed to inherently damaging agents or suffer from intrinsic abnormalities.

A

Cell injury

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54
Q

True or False.

In cell injury, the injury may progress through a reversible stage or culminate in cell death (irreversible)

A

True

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55
Q

This is a type of cell injury in which the injury has typically not progressed to severe membrane damage and nuclear dissolution.

A

Reversible cell injury

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56
Q

True or False.

In early stages or mild forms of cell injury, the functional and morphologic changes are reversible if the damaging stimulus is removed.

A

True

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57
Q

Reversible or Irreversible.

Fatty changes (steatosis)

A

Reversible

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58
Q

This type of cell injury leads to cell death.

A

Irreversible cell injury

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59
Q

Reversible or Irreversible.

Pyknosis (shrinkage)

A

Irreversible

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60
Q

Reversible or Irreversible.

Karyolysis (fading)

A

Irreversible

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61
Q

Reversible or Irreversible.

Karyorrhexis (fragmentation)

A

Irreversible

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62
Q

It is defined as small and dense nuclei.

A

Pyknosis

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63
Q

It is defined as chromatin condensing around the periphery of the nucleus.

A

Margination of chromatin

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64
Q

It is defined as a fragmented nucleus which is generally seen in apoptosis.

A

Karyorrhexis

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65
Q

It is defined as the complete lysis of the nuclei.

A

Karyolysis

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66
Q

What are the two patterns of cell death?

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

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67
Q

It is a type of cell injury when damage to membranes is severe, enzymes leak out of lysosomes, enters the
cytoplasm, and digest the cell.

A

Necrosis

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68
Q

It is defined as the major pathway of cell death in many commonly encountered injuries, such as those resulting from ischemia, exposure to toxins, various infections, and trauma.

A

Necrosis

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69
Q

It is a type of cell injury, when a cell is deprived of growth factors or the cell’s DNA or proteins are damaged beyond repair, and the cell kills itself.

A

Apoptosis

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70
Q

It is defined as an active, energy-dependent, tightly regulated type of cell death that is seen in some specific situations

A

Apoptosis

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71
Q

It is characterized by cellular contents that leak out through the damaged plasma membrane and elicit a
host reaction

A

Necrosis

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72
Q

It is characterized by nuclear dissolution without complete loss of membrane integrity.

A

Apoptosis

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73
Q

True or False.

Necrosis is always a pathologic process

A

True

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74
Q

True or False.

Apoptosis serves many normal functions and is not necessarily associated with pathologic cell injury.

A

True

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75
Q

The cell size of the apoptotic cell:

A

reduced (shrinkage)

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76
Q

The cell size of the necrotic cell:

A

enlarged (swelling)

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77
Q

The nucleus of the apoptotic cell:

A

fragmentation into nucleosome

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78
Q

The nucleus of the necrotic cell:

A

pyknosis/karyorrhexis/karyolysis

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79
Q

The plasma membrane of the apoptotic cell:

A

intact but has altered nucleus

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80
Q

The plasma membrane of the necrotic cell:

A

disrupted

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81
Q

The cellular content of the apoptotic cell:

A

intact but may be released in apoptotic bodies

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82
Q

The cellular content of the necrotic cell:

A

undergone enzymatic digestion and may leak out of the cell

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83
Q

The adjacent inflammation of the apoptotic cell:

A

None/No

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84
Q

The adjacent inflammation of the necrotic cell:

A

Frequent

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85
Q

The physiologic/pathologic role of the apoptotic cell:

A

Often physiologic, means of eliminating unwanted cells; maybe pathologic after some forms of cell injury (DNA damage)

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86
Q

The physiologic/pathologic role of the necrotic cell:

A

Invariably pathologic (culmination of irreversible cell injury)

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87
Q

Two main types of body cells:

A

Epithelial cell

Mesenchymal cell

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88
Q

It is defined as the basic unit of tissues that form organs and systems of the body.

A

Cells

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89
Q

Who published the Cellular Theory of Disease

A

Rudolf Virchow (1859)

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90
Q

It is defined as a variety of stresses a cell encounters as a result of changes in its internal and external environment.

A

Cell injury

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91
Q

The cell may be broadly injured in two major ways:

A

By genetic causes

By acquired causes

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92
Q

It is defined as a deficiency of oxygen and is the most common cause of cell injury. It interferes with aerobic oxidative respiration and is an extremely important and common cause of cell injury and death.

A

Hypoxia

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93
Q

It is defined as a loss of blood supply in a tissue due to impeded arterial flow or reduced venous drainage.. It is the most common mechanism of hypoxic cell injury.

A

Ischemia

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94
Q

These are caused by mechanical trauma, thermal trauma, electricity/radiation, and rapid changes in atmospheric pressure

A

Physical Agents

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95
Q

These are caused by poison, toxic agents, strong acids, environmental pollutants, insecticides and pesticides, oxygen at high concentrations, hypertonic glucose and salt, and social agents.

A

Chemical Agents/Chemicals and Drugs

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96
Q

These are caused by injuries due to microbes include infections such as bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, etc.

A

Microbial/Infectious Agents

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97
Q

It can be a protection to the host against various injurious agents but it may also turn lethal and cause cell injury.

A

Immunologic Reactions/Agents

98
Q

It is defined as a deficiency or an excess of nutrients that may result in nutritional imbalances.

A

Nutritional Derangements

99
Q

These are diseases due to an overall deficiency of nutrients.

A

Nutritional Deficiency

100
Q

It has become the problem of affluent societies resulting in obesity, atherosclerosis, heart disease, and hypertension.

A

Nutritional Excess

101
Q

This leads to the impaired ability of the cells to undergo replication and repair and ultimately leads to cell death.

A

Aging/senescence

102
Q

It can result in pathologic changes as conspicuous as the congenital malformations associated with Down syndrome or as subtle as the single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin S giving rise to sickle cell anemia.

A

Genetic defects

103
Q

There are no specific biochemical or morphologic changes in common acquired mental diseases

A

Psychogenic Diseases

104
Q

It includes the occurrence of disease or death due to error in judgment by the physician and the untoward effects of administered therapy.

A

Iatrogenic Causes

105
Q

It pertains to a disease for which the exact cause is unknown or undetermined.

A

Idiopathic Diseases

106
Q

The two main morphologic correlates of reversible cell injury are:

A

Cellular swelling

Fatty change

107
Q

It is the result of the failure of energy-dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane, leading to an inability to maintain ionic and fluid homeostasis.

A

Cellular swelling

108
Q

It occurs in hypoxic injury and various forms of toxic or metabolic injury, manifested by the appearance of small or large lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm.

A

Fatty change

109
Q

It is known to be the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells and it may be more apparent at the level of the whole organ.

A

Cellular swelling

110
Q

True or False.

When cellular swelling affects many cells in an organ it causes some pallor, increased turgor,
and increase in weight of the organ.

A

True

111
Q

This pattern of nonlethal injury in cellular swelling is sometimes called _____.

A

hydropic change or vacuolar degeneration

112
Q

True or False.

The swelling of cells is reversible.

A

True

113
Q

This refers to a series of changes that accompany cell death, largely resulting from the degradative action of enzymes on lethally injured cells.

A

Necrosis

114
Q

True or False.

Necrotic cells are unable to maintain membrane integrity, and their contents often leak out.

A

True

115
Q

True or False.

The necrotic cells show increased eosinophilia (i.e., pink staining from the eosin dye, the “E” in “H&E”).

A

True

116
Q

This refers to the fading of the basophilia of the chromatin, presumably secondary to deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity.

A

Karyolysis

117
Q

A second pattern is characterized by nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia; the DNA condenses into a solid shrunken mass.

A

Pyknosis

118
Q

The third pattern refers to the pyknotic nucleus that undergoes fragmentation.

A

Karyorrhexis

119
Q

In how many days does the nucleus in a dead cell completely disappear?

A

1 to 2 days

120
Q

Enumerate the types of tissue necrosis

A 
Coagulative
Liquefactive/Colliquative
Fat
Caseous
Gangrenous
Fibrinoid
121
Q

It is a form of tissue necrosis in which the

component cells are dead but the basic tissue architecture is preserved for at least several days.

A

Coagulative necrosis

122
Q

It is characterized by the formation of gelatinous (gel-like) substances in dead tissues in which the architecture of the tissue is maintained, and can be observed by light microscopy. Coagulation occurs as a result of protein denaturation causing albumin to transform into a firm and opaque state.

A

Coagulative necrosis

123
Q

List an example of coagulative necrosis

A

Myocardial infarction

124
Q

It is a form of tissue necrosis in which the cells undergo lysis rapidly. It is characterized by the digestion of dead cells to form a viscous liquid mass.

A

Colliquative/liquefactive necrosis

125
Q

It was initiated by acute inflammation and will produce a frequently creamy yellow material called _____.

A

pus

126
Q

List an example of liquefactive/colliquative necrosis

A

Cerebral infarction

127
Q

It is characterized by necrotic tissue that appears to be white and friable, like clumped cheese. It is encountered most often in foci of tuberculous
infection.

A

Caseous necrosis

128
Q

The appearance of inflammation by caseous necrotic tissue is known as _____.

A

granuloma

129
Q

List an example of caseous necrosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

130
Q

This type of necrosis is not a distinctive pattern of cell death. It is divided into two types: primary (bacterial toxins) or secondary (ischemia, infection)

A

Gangrenous necrosis

131
Q

True or False.

Gangrenous necrosis is usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply and has undergone coagulative necrosis involving multiple tissue layers.

A

True

132
Q

It is called as the ________ because when a bacterial infection is superimposed, coagulative necrosis is modified by the liquefactive action of the bacteria and the attracted leukocytes.

A

wet gangrene

133
Q

It is a form of necrosis usually caused by immune-mediated vascular damage. This pattern of necrosis is prominent when complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of arteries.

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

134
Q

List an example of fibrinoid necrosis

A

Smooth muscle necrosis, fibrin release (malignant hypertension), and polyarteritis nodosa

135
Q

This is a specialized form of necrosis that refers to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from the release of activated pancreatic lipases into the substance of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity.

A

Fat necrosis

136
Q

Fat necrosis occurs in the calamitous abdominal emergency known as _____.

A

acute pancreatitis

137
Q

The released fatty acids combine with calcium to produce grossly visible chalky white areas is called _____.

A

fat saponification

138
Q

It refers to the lysosomal digestion of the cell’s own components. It is thought to be a survival mechanism in times of nutrient deprivation, such that the starved cell lives by eating its own contents.

A

Autophagy

139
Q

It happens when a cell (usually a macrophage) ingests substances from the outside for intracellular destruction).

A

Heterophagy

140
Q

It shows defects in mitochondrial metabolism that are associated with increased numbers of unusually large mitochondria containing abnormal cristae.

A

Mitochondrial myopathies

141
Q

A condition in which the mitochondria may assume to be extremely large and having abnormal shapes

A

Megamitochondria

142
Q

It is defined as the protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult.

A

Inflammation

143
Q

Inflammation is derived from the Latin word _____ which means _____.

A

inflammare = to set afire

144
Q

The purpose of inflammation is to:

A
  1. To destroy (or contain) the damaging agent
  2. To initiate repair processes
  3. To return the damaged tissue to useful function
145
Q

The causes of inflammation are:

A
  1. Living organisms
  2. Chemicals
  3. Mechanical and Thermal injuries
  4. Immune reaction
146
Q

Inflammation is part of a broader protective response that immunologists refer to as _____.

A

innate immunity

147
Q

What are the two types of inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation

Chronic inflammation

148
Q

It pertains to inflammation which is rapid in onset and of short duration, lasting from a few minutes to as long as a few days, and is characterized by fluid and plasma protein exudation and a predominantly neutrophilic leukocyte accumulation.

A

Acute inflammation

149
Q

It pertains to inflammation which may be more insidious, is of longer duration (days to years), and is typified by the influx of lymphocytes and macrophages with associated vascular proliferation and fibrosis (scarring)

A

Chronic inflammation

150
Q

What are the steps of the inflammatory response?

A
  1. Recognition of the injurious agent
  2. Recruitment of leukocytes
  3. Removal of the agent
  4. Regulation (control) of the response, and
  5. Resolution (repair)
151
Q

The external manifestation of inflammation is called _____.

A

cardinal signs

152
Q

Enumerate the cardinal signs of inflammation.

A 
Heat (calor)
Redness (rubor)
Swelling (tumor)
Pain (dolor)
Loss of function (function laesa)
153
Q

This type of inflammation pertains to a rapid response to injury or microbes and other foreign substances that is designed to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to sites of injury.

A

Acute inflammation

154
Q

What are the two major components of acute inflammation?

A

Vascular changes

Cellular events

155
Q

It is a component of acute inflammation in which there are alterations in vessel caliber resulting in increased blood flow (vasodilation) and structural changes that permit plasma proteins to leave the circulation (increased vascular permeability).

A

Vascular changes

156
Q

It is a component of acute inflammation in which there is emigration of the leukocytes from the microcirculation and accumulation in the focus of injury (cellular recruitment and activation).

A

Cellular events

157
Q

What are the principal leukocytes in acute inflammation?

A

neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes).

158
Q

Enumerate the stimuli for acute inflammation

A 
Infections
Trauma
Physical and chemical agents
Irradiation
Tissue necrosis
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions
159
Q

It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic) are among the most common and medically important
causes of inflammation.

A

Infections

160
Q

It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to blunt and penetration

A

Trauma

161
Q

It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to thermal injury, e.g., burns or frostbite

A

Physical and chemical agents

162
Q

It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to some environmental chemicals that injure host cells and elicit inflammatory reactions.

A

Irradiation

163
Q

It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to ischemia (as in a myocardial infarct) and physical and chemical injury

A

Tissue necrosis

164
Q

It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to splinters, dirt, sutures

A

Foreign bodies

165
Q

It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to hypersensitivity reactions against environmental substances or against self-tissues.

A

Immune reactions

166
Q

Enumerate the major local manifestations

of acute inflammation compared to normal

A
  1. Vascular dilation and increased blood flow (causing erythema and warmth)
  2. Extravasation and deposition of plasma fluid and proteins (edema), and
  3. Leukocyte (mainly neutrophil)emigration and
    accumulation in the site of injury.
167
Q

It is induced by chemical mediators such as

histamine and is the cause of erythema and stasis of blood flow.

A

Vasodilation

168
Q

True or False.

Increased vascular permeability is induced by histamine, kinins, and other mediators that produce gaps between endothelial cells.

A

True

169
Q

True or False.

Vasodilation occurs by direct or leukocyte-induced endothelial injury, and by the increased passage of fluids through the endothelium.

A

True

170
Q

True or False.

Increased vascular permeability allows:

  1. Plasma proteins and leukocytes to enter sites of infection or tissue damage
  2. Fluid leaks through blood vessels that result in edema
A

Both are true

171
Q

Leukocyte recruitment is a multi-step process consisting of:

A
  1. Loose attachment to and rolling on endothelium (mediated by selectins)
  2. Firm attachment to the endothelium (mediated by integrins)
  3. Migration through inter-endothelial spaces
172
Q

True or False.

Leukocytes can eliminate microbes and dead cells by phagocytosis, followed by their destruction in phagolysosomes.

A

True

173
Q

Most common causes of defective inflammation:

A
  1. Bone marrow suppression caused by tumors and chemotherapy
  2. Radiation (resulting in decreased leukocyte numbers),
  3. Metabolic diseases such as diabetes (causing abnormal leukocyte functions.
174
Q

It is a process of attraction of leukocytes to a certain area that has chemotactic substances.

A

Chemotaxis

175
Q

Enumerate the functions of exudate.

A
  1. It greatly dilutes toxic substances formed within the body especially bee-stings and snake bites.
  2. It has blood serum that brings with its antibodies.
  3. Brings leukocytes to the area for phagocytosis.
  4. Fibrinogen in the exudate forms fibrin. Fibrin may support the ameboid movement of leukocytes.
  5. It has mechanical action by washing the irritant.
176
Q

It is a kind of WBC that has phagocytic action towards bacteria. A large number of them are killed by bacterial toxins.

A

Neutrophils

177
Q

This WBC will produce pus during the act of inflammation.

A

Neutrophils

178
Q

The process of pus production is called _____.

A

Suppuration or purulent exudate

179
Q

This WBC is present during parasitic infection and hypersensitivity due to the release of its chemotactic factor from mast cells when intact with Ag + IgE to mast cells and release of histamine.

A

Eosinophils

180
Q

This WBC is a phagocytic cell found inside the blood and when it reaches the cells and tissues it will become macrophage cells.

A

Monocytes

181
Q

Macrophage cells are also known as _____.

A

histiocytes

182
Q

This WBC functions to remove the debris (scavengers) and also acts as a phagocyte foreign body.

A

Monocytes

183
Q

Monocytes fuse to form multinucleated giant cells called _____.

A

Langhan’s giant cell

184
Q

This cell is similar to macrophage and also similar to epithelial cells with no different borders between its cytoplasm and it tends to have a small nucleus. This cell is not a phagocytic cell but it releases lysosomal enzymes.

A

Epithelioid cells

185
Q

This cell was formed by the fuse of the cytoplasm of the macrophages.

A

Giant cells

186
Q

Enumerate the 4 types of giant cells

A
  1. Langhan’s giant cell
  2. Foreign body giant cells
  3. Touton giant cell
  4. Warthin-Finkeldy giant cell
187
Q

It is a type of giant cell wherein its nucleus is located at the periphery

A

Langhan’s giant cell

188
Q

It is a type of giant cell in which its nucleus is arranged through its cytoplasm.

A

Foreign body giant cell

189
Q

Classification of the inflammation is divided into three:

A

Time
Type of exudate
Organ

190
Q

With regards to time, this type of inflammation extends from hours to few days

A

Acute inflammation

191
Q

With regards to time, this type of inflammation extends from days to weeks

A

Subacute inflammation

192
Q

With regards to time, this type of inflammation extends from weeks, months even years. It indicates the persistence of irritants.

A

Chronic inflammation

193
Q

Characteristics of acute inflammation:

A
  • sudden onset
  • vascular dilatation
  • increased vascular permeability
  • neutrophil activation and migration
  • predominantly Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
  • if fails to subside within several weeks this may lead to chronic inflammation
194
Q

Characteristics of chronic inflammation:

A
  • can last for weeks, months, or years

- predominantly mononuclear cells but PMNs may also be present

195
Q

It is considered the hallmark of acute inflammation.

A

Predominantly polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)

196
Q

These are examples of mononuclear cells.

A

macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells

197
Q

With regards to the type of exudate, this type of inflammation is characterized by increase exudation of the clear albuminous fluid which accumulates in the inflammation area showing inflammatory edema.

A

Serous inflammation/Serous exudate

198
Q

With regards to the type of exudate, this type of inflammation is characterized by the outpouring of a watery, relatively protein-poor fluid that,
depending on the site of injury,

A

Serous inflammation/Serous exudate

199
Q

True or False.

Serous inflammation is derived either from the serum or from the secretions of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

A

True

200
Q

The fluid in the serous cavity is called _____.

A

effusion

201
Q

Serous inflammation in the serous cavities are:

A

highly vascular

202
Q

Serous inflammation in the lungs indicates:

A

1st stage of pneumonia

203
Q

Serous inflammation in the skin includes:

A

vesicles, pox, and 2nd-degree burns

204
Q

Microscopic appearance of serous inflammation include:

A
  1. Watery fluid is seen in the cavity
  2. Cloudy fluid that has fibrin strands
  3. The color could be red if RBCs are present
  4. Hyperemic zone
205
Q

Causes of serous inflammation include:

A
  1. Mechanical injury of tissue
  2. Chemical - chloroform
  3. Biological - virus FMD
  4. Insects - bee sting
206
Q

With regards to the type of exudate, this type of inflammation is characterized by too much fibrinogen clotting fibrin. It usually occurs in the lining of the body cavities, such as the meninges, pericardium, and pleura.

A

Fibrinous inflammation/Fibrinous exudate

207
Q

With regards to the type of exudate, this type of inflammation results in greater vascular permeability that allows large molecules (such as fibrinogen) to pass the endothelial barrier.

A

Fibrinous inflammation/Fibrinous exudate

208
Q

Occurrence of fibrinous inflammation include:

A
  1. Mucus membrane (digestive and respiratory system)
  2. Serous surface
  3. Lungs and joints
209
Q

Microscopic appearance of fibrinous inflammation include:

A
  1. Fibrin is present in a network
  2. Precipitated protein + WBC + RBC
  3. There is hyperemia
210
Q

Macroscopic appearance of fibrinous inflammation include:

A
  1. The organs are firmer and tenser because of the presence of fibrin
  2. Fibrin app string white or yellowish netlike material
211
Q

With regards to the type of exudate, this type of inflammation is characterized by pus formation.

A

Purulent inflammation/Purulent exudate

212
Q

It is a liquid of creamy color and consistency but can be thin (watery) or (semi-solid).

A

Pus

213
Q

The color of pus is blue-green if it is caused by _______ infection.

A

Pseudomonas-aeroginosa

214
Q

This type of inflammation under purulent inflammation implies that large amounts of pus are produced.

A

Suppurative inflammation

215
Q

This type of inflammation under purulent inflammation shows a good amount of pus diffusely scattered through a tissue especially the subcutis.

A

Pleghmonous inflammation

216
Q

It is defined as a circumscribed collection of pus with a capsule of CT.

A

Abscess

217
Q

Microscopic appearance of fibrinous inflammation include:

A

-Large number of degenerate neutrophils are seen

218
Q

Pyogenic bacteria that causes purulence:

A
  1. Staphylococci
  2. Streptococci (especially S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae)
  3. E. coli
  4. Neisseriae (Meningococci, Gonococci)
219
Q

This type of inflammation is manifested by the presence of large amounts of purulent exudate (pus) consisting of neutrophils, necrotic cells, and
edema fluid.

A

Suppurative/Purulent inflammation

220
Q

These are focal collections of pus that may be caused by the seeding of pyogenic organisms into a tissue or by secondary infections of necrotic foci

A

Abscess

221
Q

It is a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by necrosis of cells and sloughing (shedding) of inflammatory necrotic tissue.

A

Ulcer

222
Q

With regards to the type of exudate, this inflammation is characterized by a large number of red blood cells that leave by diapedesis. The blood may exude from the body surface or nearby tissue.

A

Hemorrhagic inflammation

223
Q

Occurrence of hemorrhagic inflammation include:

A
  1. Septicemic diseases (ex: Anthrax, Pasteurellosis)
  2. Hemorrhagic gastritis and enteritis
  3. Lungs microscopic appearance (free RBC, serum, fibrin, and leukocytes)
224
Q

Gross appearance of hemorrhagic inflammation include:

A
  1. Blood-colored fluid or semi-fluid usually clotted and gelatinous
  2. Streaked (vary in color and consistency)
  3. Deep red inflamed surface
  4. In hemorrhagic enteritis, feces are black in color (except when hemorrhagic inflammation is present in the last part of the intestine)
  5. In the lungs, blood is foamy
225
Q

Causes of hemorrhagic inflammation include:

A
  1. Organisms of high virulence (Ex: Leptospira, and virus of infectious of hepatitis)
  2. Poisonous chemicals (ex: phenol, arsenic, and phosphorus)
226
Q

With regards to the type of exudate, this inflammation has a presence of mucus exudate. The latter comes from the epithelial mucous glands or from goblet cells. It can result in a thick exudate of mucus and white blood cells. It is caused by the swelling of the mucous membranes in the head in response to an infection (common cold).

A

Catarrhal inflammation

227
Q

Examples of infection in accordance to catarrhal inflammation:

A
  • common colds
  • chesty cough
  • adenoids
  • middle ear
  • sinus
  • tonsil
228
Q

A cardinal sign, due to arteriolar and capillary dilatation with an increased rate of blood flow towards the site of injury. It shows “redness”.

A

Rubor

229
Q

A cardinal sign, due to an increase in capillary permeability causing extravasation of blood fluid. It shows “swelling”.

A

Tumor

230
Q

A cardinal sign, due to transfer of internal heat to the surface or site of injury brought about by an increased blood content (hyperemia). It shows “heat”.

A

Calor

231
Q

A cardinal sign, due to pressure upon the sensory nerve by the exudates/tumor resulting from the release of bradykinin and PGE2. It shows “pain”.

A

Dolor

232
Q

A cardinal sign, due to the destruction of the functioning units of the tissue. It shows “diminished function”.

A

Function laesa

233
Q

Nomenclature of common types of inflammation:

A
  1. Appendix - appendicitis
  2. Fallopian tube - salpingitis
  3. Pericardium - pericarditis
  4. Pleura - pleuritis
  5. Subcutaneous tissue - cellulitis
  6. Meninges - meningitis
  7. Arteries - arteritis
234
Q

It is a type of inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks to months to years) in which active inflammation, tissue injury, and healing proceed
simultaneously.

A

Chronic inflammation

235
Q

Subdivision of Chronic inflammation:

A
  1. Non-specific chronic inflammation
  2. Specific (primary) chronic inflammation
  3. Granulomatous inflammation
236
Q

A subdivision of chronic inflammation characterized by arises following non-resolution of acute inflammation

A

Non-specific chronic inflammation

237
Q

A subdivision of chronic inflammation characterized by arises de novo in response to certain types of injurious agents

A

Specific (primary) chronic inflammation

238
Q

A subdivision of chronic inflammation characterized by a subset of specific inflammation wherein there is a presence of granuloma

A

Granulomatous inflammation

239
Q

Factors that impair the healing of non-specific chronic inflammation

A
  1. Poor nutrition
  2. Immunosuppression
  3. Persistent tissue damage infection
  4. retained foreign material
  5. Sequestered dead tissue
  6. Poor blood supply
240
Q

Factors that aid the healing of chronic inflammation:

A
  1. Administration of appropriate antibiotics
  2. Surgical removal of foreign material
  3. Surgical removal of sequestered dead tissue
  4. General attempts to improve nutrition

Histopathology and Cytopathology (2 decks)

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