Period 1 Exam Reviewer Flashcards
Pathology is derived from the Greek words _____ and _____ which means?
pathos = suffering logos = study Pathology = study of suffering
It is a discipline that bridges clinical practice and basic science, and it involves the investigation of the causes (etiology) of disease as well as the underlying mechanisms (pathogenesis) that result in the presenting signs and symptoms of the patient.
Pathology
Enumerate the etiology/causes of disease
Toxins Infections Immunologic Abnormalities Genetic Abnormalities (Inherited/Acquired) Nutritional Imbalances Trauma Structural Change
Enumerate the pathogenesis/mechanisms of disease
Biochemical Changes
Structural Changes
Enumerate the steps in the evolution of disease
- Etiology/Cause of disease
- Pathogenesis/Mechanism of disease
- Molecular, Functional and Morphologic abnormalities in cells and tissues
- Clinical manifestations/Signs and symptoms of disease
Enumerate the divisions of pathology
- Anatomical Pathology
- Clinical Pathology
- Molecular Pathology
A division of pathology wherein it studies the effect of disease on the structure of body organs, both as a whole (grossly) and microscopically.
Anatomical Pathology
A division of pathology in which it supports the diagnosis of disease using laboratory testing of blood and other bodily fluids and tissues, and microscopic evaluation of individual cells.
Clinical Pathology
A division of pathology that includes the detection and diagnosis of abnormalities at the level of DNA of the cell
Molecular Pathology
Enumerate the subdivisions under anatomical pathology.
Surgical Pathology
Histopathology
Cytopathology
Forensic Pathology
A subdivision of anatomical pathology in which it deals with the study of tissues removed from the living body.
Surgical Pathology
A subdivision of anatomical pathology that involves the study of structural changes observed by the naked eye examination referred to as gross or macroscopic changes, and the changes detected by light and electron microscopy supported by numerous special staining methods including histochemical and immunological techniques to arrive at the most accurate diagnosis.
Histopathology
A subdivision of anatomical pathology that includes the study of cells shed off from the lesions (exfoliative cytology) and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of superficial and deep-seated lesions for diagnosis
Cytopathology
A subdivision of anatomical pathology wherein this includes the study of organs and tissues removed at postmortem for medicolegal work and for determining the underlying sequence and cause of death.
Forensic Pathology
True or False.
Cells are active participants in their environment, constantly adjusting their structure and function to accommodate changing demands and extracellular stresses.
True
True or False.
Cells tend to maintain their intracellular milieu within a fairly narrow range of physiologic parameters; that is, they maintain normal homeostasis.
True
True or False.
As cells encounter physiologic stresses or pathologic stimuli, they can undergo adaptation, achieving a new steady-state and preserving viability and function.
True
Enumerate the stages in the cellular response to
stress and injurious stimuli
- Normal Cell (homeostasis)
- Adaptation (stress, increased demand)
- Cell injury (injurious stimulus/inability to adapt)
- Reversible cell injury
- Subcellular alterations
- Necrosis (point of irreversibility)
- Apoptosis
True or False.
Adaptations are reversible changes in the number, size, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.
True
True or False.
Physiologic adaptations usually represent responses of cells to normal stimulation by hormones or endogenous chemical mediators.
True
True or False.
Pathologic adaptations are responses to stress that allow cells to modulate their structure and function and thus escape injury.
True
It is defined as an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ,
Hypertrophy
In ________ there are no new cells, just bigger cells.
pure hypertrophy
It is characterized by enlargement due to an increased amount of structural proteins and organelles.
Hypertrophy
True or False.
Hypertrophy occurs when cells are incapable of dividing.
True
True or False.
Hypertrophy can be physiologic or pathologic and is caused either by increased functional demand or by specific hormonal stimulation.
True
True or False.
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia can also occur together,
True
True or False.
Examples of pathologic cellular hypertrophy include the cardiac enlargement that occurs with hypertension or aortic valve disease
True
It is characterized by an increase in cell number.
Hyperplasia
It takes place if the cell population is capable of replication; it may occur with hypertrophy and often in response to the same stimuli.
Hyperplasia
True or False.
Hyperplasia can be physiologic or pathologic.
True
Enumerate the two types of physiologic hyperplasia.
Hormonal Hyperplasia
Compensatory Hyperplasia
It is a type of physiologic hyperplasia that exemplified by the proliferation of the glandular epithelium of the female breast at puberty and during pregnancy;
Hormonal Hyperplasia
It is a type of physiologic hyperplasia that occurs when a portion of the tissue is removed or diseased.
Compensatory Hyperplasia
True or False.
Most forms of pathologic hyperplasia are caused by excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation.
True
It is defined as the shrinkage in the size of the cell by the loss of cell substance.
Atrophy
It occurs when a sufficient number of cells are involved and the entire tissue or organ diminishes in size.
Atrophy
Enumerate the causes of atrophy
Loss of innervation Diminished blood supply Inadequate nutrition Loss of endocrine stimulation Aging (senile atrophy)
True or False.
Atrophy results from decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells.
True
True or False.
Atrophy is also accompanied by increased autophagy, with resulting increases in the number of autophagic vacuoles.
True
It is defined as the process in which the starved cell eats its own components in an attempt to find nutrients and survive.
Autophagy (self-eating)
It is a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type.
Metaplasia
True or False.
In this type of cellular adaptation, cells sensitive to particular stress are replaced by other cells types better able to withstand the adverse environment.
True
True or False.
Metaplasia is thought to arise by genetic “reprogramming” of stem cells rather than transdifferentiation of already differentiated cells.
True
True or False.
Vitamin A deficiency may also induce squamous metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium.
True
It is otherwise known as atypical hyperplasia.
Dysplasia
It is defined as abnormal growth and differentiation in which there are variations of size, shape and
orientation of the cell.
Dysplasia
True or False.
Dysplasia may lead to cancer but not necessarily.
True
Enumerate the causes of dysplasia
Chronic irritation
Protracted irritation
It is otherwise known as undifferentiated cells
Anaplasia
It is an irreversible cell injury wherein cellular tissue changes from a more or less differentiated form.
Anaplasia
True or False.
Anaplasia is more primitive and embryonic-looking.
True
It results when cells are stressed so severely that they are no longer able to or when cells are exposed to inherently damaging agents or suffer from intrinsic abnormalities.
Cell injury
True or False.
In cell injury, the injury may progress through a reversible stage or culminate in cell death (irreversible)
True
This is a type of cell injury in which the injury has typically not progressed to severe membrane damage and nuclear dissolution.
Reversible cell injury
True or False.
In early stages or mild forms of cell injury, the functional and morphologic changes are reversible if the damaging stimulus is removed.
True
Reversible or Irreversible.
Fatty changes (steatosis)
Reversible
This type of cell injury leads to cell death.
Irreversible cell injury
Reversible or Irreversible.
Pyknosis (shrinkage)
Irreversible
Reversible or Irreversible.
Karyolysis (fading)
Irreversible
Reversible or Irreversible.
Karyorrhexis (fragmentation)
Irreversible
It is defined as small and dense nuclei.
Pyknosis
It is defined as chromatin condensing around the periphery of the nucleus.
Margination of chromatin
It is defined as a fragmented nucleus which is generally seen in apoptosis.
Karyorrhexis
It is defined as the complete lysis of the nuclei.
Karyolysis
What are the two patterns of cell death?
Necrosis
Apoptosis
It is a type of cell injury when damage to membranes is severe, enzymes leak out of lysosomes, enters the
cytoplasm, and digest the cell.
Necrosis
It is defined as the major pathway of cell death in many commonly encountered injuries, such as those resulting from ischemia, exposure to toxins, various infections, and trauma.
Necrosis
It is a type of cell injury, when a cell is deprived of growth factors or the cell’s DNA or proteins are damaged beyond repair, and the cell kills itself.
Apoptosis
It is defined as an active, energy-dependent, tightly regulated type of cell death that is seen in some specific situations
Apoptosis
It is characterized by cellular contents that leak out through the damaged plasma membrane and elicit a
host reaction
Necrosis
It is characterized by nuclear dissolution without complete loss of membrane integrity.
Apoptosis
True or False.
Necrosis is always a pathologic process
True
True or False.
Apoptosis serves many normal functions and is not necessarily associated with pathologic cell injury.
True
The cell size of the apoptotic cell:
reduced (shrinkage)
The cell size of the necrotic cell:
enlarged (swelling)
The nucleus of the apoptotic cell:
fragmentation into nucleosome
The nucleus of the necrotic cell:
pyknosis/karyorrhexis/karyolysis
The plasma membrane of the apoptotic cell:
intact but has altered nucleus
The plasma membrane of the necrotic cell:
disrupted
The cellular content of the apoptotic cell:
intact but may be released in apoptotic bodies
The cellular content of the necrotic cell:
undergone enzymatic digestion and may leak out of the cell
The adjacent inflammation of the apoptotic cell:
None/No
The adjacent inflammation of the necrotic cell:
Frequent
The physiologic/pathologic role of the apoptotic cell:
Often physiologic, means of eliminating unwanted cells; maybe pathologic after some forms of cell injury (DNA damage)
The physiologic/pathologic role of the necrotic cell:
Invariably pathologic (culmination of irreversible cell injury)
Two main types of body cells:
Epithelial cell
Mesenchymal cell
It is defined as the basic unit of tissues that form organs and systems of the body.
Cells
Who published the Cellular Theory of Disease
Rudolf Virchow (1859)
It is defined as a variety of stresses a cell encounters as a result of changes in its internal and external environment.
Cell injury
The cell may be broadly injured in two major ways:
By genetic causes
By acquired causes
It is defined as a deficiency of oxygen and is the most common cause of cell injury. It interferes with aerobic oxidative respiration and is an extremely important and common cause of cell injury and death.
Hypoxia
It is defined as a loss of blood supply in a tissue due to impeded arterial flow or reduced venous drainage.. It is the most common mechanism of hypoxic cell injury.
Ischemia
These are caused by mechanical trauma, thermal trauma, electricity/radiation, and rapid changes in atmospheric pressure
Physical Agents
These are caused by poison, toxic agents, strong acids, environmental pollutants, insecticides and pesticides, oxygen at high concentrations, hypertonic glucose and salt, and social agents.
Chemical Agents/Chemicals and Drugs
These are caused by injuries due to microbes include infections such as bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, etc.
Microbial/Infectious Agents
It can be a protection to the host against various injurious agents but it may also turn lethal and cause cell injury.
Immunologic Reactions/Agents
It is defined as a deficiency or an excess of nutrients that may result in nutritional imbalances.
Nutritional Derangements
These are diseases due to an overall deficiency of nutrients.
Nutritional Deficiency
It has become the problem of affluent societies resulting in obesity, atherosclerosis, heart disease, and hypertension.
Nutritional Excess
This leads to the impaired ability of the cells to undergo replication and repair and ultimately leads to cell death.
Aging/senescence
It can result in pathologic changes as conspicuous as the congenital malformations associated with Down syndrome or as subtle as the single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin S giving rise to sickle cell anemia.
Genetic defects
There are no specific biochemical or morphologic changes in common acquired mental diseases
Psychogenic Diseases
It includes the occurrence of disease or death due to error in judgment by the physician and the untoward effects of administered therapy.
Iatrogenic Causes
It pertains to a disease for which the exact cause is unknown or undetermined.
Idiopathic Diseases
The two main morphologic correlates of reversible cell injury are:
Cellular swelling
Fatty change
It is the result of the failure of energy-dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane, leading to an inability to maintain ionic and fluid homeostasis.
Cellular swelling
It occurs in hypoxic injury and various forms of toxic or metabolic injury, manifested by the appearance of small or large lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm.
Fatty change
It is known to be the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells and it may be more apparent at the level of the whole organ.
Cellular swelling
True or False.
When cellular swelling affects many cells in an organ it causes some pallor, increased turgor,
and increase in weight of the organ.
True
This pattern of nonlethal injury in cellular swelling is sometimes called _____.
hydropic change or vacuolar degeneration
True or False.
The swelling of cells is reversible.
True
This refers to a series of changes that accompany cell death, largely resulting from the degradative action of enzymes on lethally injured cells.
Necrosis
True or False.
Necrotic cells are unable to maintain membrane integrity, and their contents often leak out.
True
True or False.
The necrotic cells show increased eosinophilia (i.e., pink staining from the eosin dye, the “E” in “H&E”).
True
This refers to the fading of the basophilia of the chromatin, presumably secondary to deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity.
Karyolysis
A second pattern is characterized by nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia; the DNA condenses into a solid shrunken mass.
Pyknosis
The third pattern refers to the pyknotic nucleus that undergoes fragmentation.
Karyorrhexis
In how many days does the nucleus in a dead cell completely disappear?
1 to 2 days
Enumerate the types of tissue necrosis
Coagulative Liquefactive/Colliquative Fat Caseous Gangrenous Fibrinoid
It is a form of tissue necrosis in which the
component cells are dead but the basic tissue architecture is preserved for at least several days.
Coagulative necrosis
It is characterized by the formation of gelatinous (gel-like) substances in dead tissues in which the architecture of the tissue is maintained, and can be observed by light microscopy. Coagulation occurs as a result of protein denaturation causing albumin to transform into a firm and opaque state.
Coagulative necrosis
List an example of coagulative necrosis
Myocardial infarction
It is a form of tissue necrosis in which the cells undergo lysis rapidly. It is characterized by the digestion of dead cells to form a viscous liquid mass.
Colliquative/liquefactive necrosis
It was initiated by acute inflammation and will produce a frequently creamy yellow material called _____.
pus
List an example of liquefactive/colliquative necrosis
Cerebral infarction
It is characterized by necrotic tissue that appears to be white and friable, like clumped cheese. It is encountered most often in foci of tuberculous
infection.
Caseous necrosis
The appearance of inflammation by caseous necrotic tissue is known as _____.
granuloma
List an example of caseous necrosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
This type of necrosis is not a distinctive pattern of cell death. It is divided into two types: primary (bacterial toxins) or secondary (ischemia, infection)
Gangrenous necrosis
True or False.
Gangrenous necrosis is usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply and has undergone coagulative necrosis involving multiple tissue layers.
True
It is called as the ________ because when a bacterial infection is superimposed, coagulative necrosis is modified by the liquefactive action of the bacteria and the attracted leukocytes.
wet gangrene
It is a form of necrosis usually caused by immune-mediated vascular damage. This pattern of necrosis is prominent when complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of arteries.
Fibrinoid necrosis
List an example of fibrinoid necrosis
Smooth muscle necrosis, fibrin release (malignant hypertension), and polyarteritis nodosa
This is a specialized form of necrosis that refers to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from the release of activated pancreatic lipases into the substance of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity.
Fat necrosis
Fat necrosis occurs in the calamitous abdominal emergency known as _____.
acute pancreatitis
The released fatty acids combine with calcium to produce grossly visible chalky white areas is called _____.
fat saponification
It refers to the lysosomal digestion of the cell’s own components. It is thought to be a survival mechanism in times of nutrient deprivation, such that the starved cell lives by eating its own contents.
Autophagy
It happens when a cell (usually a macrophage) ingests substances from the outside for intracellular destruction).
Heterophagy
It shows defects in mitochondrial metabolism that are associated with increased numbers of unusually large mitochondria containing abnormal cristae.
Mitochondrial myopathies
A condition in which the mitochondria may assume to be extremely large and having abnormal shapes
Megamitochondria
It is defined as the protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult.
Inflammation
Inflammation is derived from the Latin word _____ which means _____.
inflammare = to set afire
The purpose of inflammation is to:
- To destroy (or contain) the damaging agent
- To initiate repair processes
- To return the damaged tissue to useful function
The causes of inflammation are:
- Living organisms
- Chemicals
- Mechanical and Thermal injuries
- Immune reaction
Inflammation is part of a broader protective response that immunologists refer to as _____.
innate immunity
What are the two types of inflammation?
Acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation
It pertains to inflammation which is rapid in onset and of short duration, lasting from a few minutes to as long as a few days, and is characterized by fluid and plasma protein exudation and a predominantly neutrophilic leukocyte accumulation.
Acute inflammation
It pertains to inflammation which may be more insidious, is of longer duration (days to years), and is typified by the influx of lymphocytes and macrophages with associated vascular proliferation and fibrosis (scarring)
Chronic inflammation
What are the steps of the inflammatory response?
- Recognition of the injurious agent
- Recruitment of leukocytes
- Removal of the agent
- Regulation (control) of the response, and
- Resolution (repair)
The external manifestation of inflammation is called _____.
cardinal signs
Enumerate the cardinal signs of inflammation.
Heat (calor) Redness (rubor) Swelling (tumor) Pain (dolor) Loss of function (function laesa)
This type of inflammation pertains to a rapid response to injury or microbes and other foreign substances that is designed to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to sites of injury.
Acute inflammation
What are the two major components of acute inflammation?
Vascular changes
Cellular events
It is a component of acute inflammation in which there are alterations in vessel caliber resulting in increased blood flow (vasodilation) and structural changes that permit plasma proteins to leave the circulation (increased vascular permeability).
Vascular changes
It is a component of acute inflammation in which there is emigration of the leukocytes from the microcirculation and accumulation in the focus of injury (cellular recruitment and activation).
Cellular events
What are the principal leukocytes in acute inflammation?
neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes).
Enumerate the stimuli for acute inflammation
Infections Trauma Physical and chemical agents Irradiation Tissue necrosis Foreign bodies Immune reactions
It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic) are among the most common and medically important
causes of inflammation.
Infections
It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to blunt and penetration
Trauma
It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to thermal injury, e.g., burns or frostbite
Physical and chemical agents
It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to some environmental chemicals that injure host cells and elicit inflammatory reactions.
Irradiation
It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to ischemia (as in a myocardial infarct) and physical and chemical injury
Tissue necrosis
It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to splinters, dirt, sutures
Foreign bodies
It is a stimulus for acute inflammation that pertains to hypersensitivity reactions against environmental substances or against self-tissues.
Immune reactions
Enumerate the major local manifestations
of acute inflammation compared to normal
- Vascular dilation and increased blood flow (causing erythema and warmth)
- Extravasation and deposition of plasma fluid and proteins (edema), and
- Leukocyte (mainly neutrophil)emigration and
accumulation in the site of injury.
It is induced by chemical mediators such as
histamine and is the cause of erythema and stasis of blood flow.
Vasodilation
True or False.
Increased vascular permeability is induced by histamine, kinins, and other mediators that produce gaps between endothelial cells.
True
True or False.
Vasodilation occurs by direct or leukocyte-induced endothelial injury, and by the increased passage of fluids through the endothelium.
True
True or False.
Increased vascular permeability allows:
- Plasma proteins and leukocytes to enter sites of infection or tissue damage
- Fluid leaks through blood vessels that result in edema
Both are true
Leukocyte recruitment is a multi-step process consisting of:
- Loose attachment to and rolling on endothelium (mediated by selectins)
- Firm attachment to the endothelium (mediated by integrins)
- Migration through inter-endothelial spaces
True or False.
Leukocytes can eliminate microbes and dead cells by phagocytosis, followed by their destruction in phagolysosomes.
True
Most common causes of defective inflammation:
- Bone marrow suppression caused by tumors and chemotherapy
- Radiation (resulting in decreased leukocyte numbers),
- Metabolic diseases such as diabetes (causing abnormal leukocyte functions.
It is a process of attraction of leukocytes to a certain area that has chemotactic substances.
Chemotaxis
Enumerate the functions of exudate.
- It greatly dilutes toxic substances formed within the body especially bee-stings and snake bites.
- It has blood serum that brings with its antibodies.
- Brings leukocytes to the area for phagocytosis.
- Fibrinogen in the exudate forms fibrin. Fibrin may support the ameboid movement of leukocytes.
- It has mechanical action by washing the irritant.
It is a kind of WBC that has phagocytic action towards bacteria. A large number of them are killed by bacterial toxins.
Neutrophils
This WBC will produce pus during the act of inflammation.
Neutrophils
The process of pus production is called _____.
Suppuration or purulent exudate
This WBC is present during parasitic infection and hypersensitivity due to the release of its chemotactic factor from mast cells when intact with Ag + IgE to mast cells and release of histamine.
Eosinophils
This WBC is a phagocytic cell found inside the blood and when it reaches the cells and tissues it will become macrophage cells.
Monocytes
Macrophage cells are also known as _____.
histiocytes
This WBC functions to remove the debris (scavengers) and also acts as a phagocyte foreign body.
Monocytes
Monocytes fuse to form multinucleated giant cells called _____.
Langhan’s giant cell
This cell is similar to macrophage and also similar to epithelial cells with no different borders between its cytoplasm and it tends to have a small nucleus. This cell is not a phagocytic cell but it releases lysosomal enzymes.
Epithelioid cells
This cell was formed by the fuse of the cytoplasm of the macrophages.
Giant cells
Enumerate the 4 types of giant cells
- Langhan’s giant cell
- Foreign body giant cells
- Touton giant cell
- Warthin-Finkeldy giant cell
It is a type of giant cell wherein its nucleus is located at the periphery
Langhan’s giant cell
It is a type of giant cell in which its nucleus is arranged through its cytoplasm.
Foreign body giant cell
Classification of the inflammation is divided into three:
Time
Type of exudate
Organ
With regards to time, this type of inflammation extends from hours to few days
Acute inflammation
With regards to time, this type of inflammation extends from days to weeks
Subacute inflammation
With regards to time, this type of inflammation extends from weeks, months even years. It indicates the persistence of irritants.
Chronic inflammation
Characteristics of acute inflammation:
- sudden onset
- vascular dilatation
- increased vascular permeability
- neutrophil activation and migration
- predominantly Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
- if fails to subside within several weeks this may lead to chronic inflammation
Characteristics of chronic inflammation:
- can last for weeks, months, or years
- predominantly mononuclear cells but PMNs may also be present
It is considered the hallmark of acute inflammation.
Predominantly polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
These are examples of mononuclear cells.
macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells
With regards to the type of exudate, this type of inflammation is characterized by increase exudation of the clear albuminous fluid which accumulates in the inflammation area showing inflammatory edema.
Serous inflammation/Serous exudate
With regards to the type of exudate, this type of inflammation is characterized by the outpouring of a watery, relatively protein-poor fluid that,
depending on the site of injury,
Serous inflammation/Serous exudate
True or False.
Serous inflammation is derived either from the serum or from the secretions of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.
True
The fluid in the serous cavity is called _____.
effusion
Serous inflammation in the serous cavities are:
highly vascular
Serous inflammation in the lungs indicates:
1st stage of pneumonia
Serous inflammation in the skin includes:
vesicles, pox, and 2nd-degree burns
Microscopic appearance of serous inflammation include:
- Watery fluid is seen in the cavity
- Cloudy fluid that has fibrin strands
- The color could be red if RBCs are present
- Hyperemic zone
Causes of serous inflammation include:
- Mechanical injury of tissue
- Chemical - chloroform
- Biological - virus FMD
- Insects - bee sting
With regards to the type of exudate, this type of inflammation is characterized by too much fibrinogen clotting fibrin. It usually occurs in the lining of the body cavities, such as the meninges, pericardium, and pleura.
Fibrinous inflammation/Fibrinous exudate
With regards to the type of exudate, this type of inflammation results in greater vascular permeability that allows large molecules (such as fibrinogen) to pass the endothelial barrier.
Fibrinous inflammation/Fibrinous exudate
Occurrence of fibrinous inflammation include:
- Mucus membrane (digestive and respiratory system)
- Serous surface
- Lungs and joints
Microscopic appearance of fibrinous inflammation include:
- Fibrin is present in a network
- Precipitated protein + WBC + RBC
- There is hyperemia
Macroscopic appearance of fibrinous inflammation include:
- The organs are firmer and tenser because of the presence of fibrin
- Fibrin app string white or yellowish netlike material
With regards to the type of exudate, this type of inflammation is characterized by pus formation.
Purulent inflammation/Purulent exudate
It is a liquid of creamy color and consistency but can be thin (watery) or (semi-solid).
Pus
The color of pus is blue-green if it is caused by _______ infection.
Pseudomonas-aeroginosa
This type of inflammation under purulent inflammation implies that large amounts of pus are produced.
Suppurative inflammation
This type of inflammation under purulent inflammation shows a good amount of pus diffusely scattered through a tissue especially the subcutis.
Pleghmonous inflammation
It is defined as a circumscribed collection of pus with a capsule of CT.
Abscess
Microscopic appearance of fibrinous inflammation include:
-Large number of degenerate neutrophils are seen
Pyogenic bacteria that causes purulence:
- Staphylococci
- Streptococci (especially S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae)
- E. coli
- Neisseriae (Meningococci, Gonococci)
This type of inflammation is manifested by the presence of large amounts of purulent exudate (pus) consisting of neutrophils, necrotic cells, and
edema fluid.
Suppurative/Purulent inflammation
These are focal collections of pus that may be caused by the seeding of pyogenic organisms into a tissue or by secondary infections of necrotic foci
Abscess
It is a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by necrosis of cells and sloughing (shedding) of inflammatory necrotic tissue.
Ulcer
With regards to the type of exudate, this inflammation is characterized by a large number of red blood cells that leave by diapedesis. The blood may exude from the body surface or nearby tissue.
Hemorrhagic inflammation
Occurrence of hemorrhagic inflammation include:
- Septicemic diseases (ex: Anthrax, Pasteurellosis)
- Hemorrhagic gastritis and enteritis
- Lungs microscopic appearance (free RBC, serum, fibrin, and leukocytes)
Gross appearance of hemorrhagic inflammation include:
- Blood-colored fluid or semi-fluid usually clotted and gelatinous
- Streaked (vary in color and consistency)
- Deep red inflamed surface
- In hemorrhagic enteritis, feces are black in color (except when hemorrhagic inflammation is present in the last part of the intestine)
- In the lungs, blood is foamy
Causes of hemorrhagic inflammation include:
- Organisms of high virulence (Ex: Leptospira, and virus of infectious of hepatitis)
- Poisonous chemicals (ex: phenol, arsenic, and phosphorus)
With regards to the type of exudate, this inflammation has a presence of mucus exudate. The latter comes from the epithelial mucous glands or from goblet cells. It can result in a thick exudate of mucus and white blood cells. It is caused by the swelling of the mucous membranes in the head in response to an infection (common cold).
Catarrhal inflammation
Examples of infection in accordance to catarrhal inflammation:
- common colds
- chesty cough
- adenoids
- middle ear
- sinus
- tonsil
A cardinal sign, due to arteriolar and capillary dilatation with an increased rate of blood flow towards the site of injury. It shows “redness”.
Rubor
A cardinal sign, due to an increase in capillary permeability causing extravasation of blood fluid. It shows “swelling”.
Tumor
A cardinal sign, due to transfer of internal heat to the surface or site of injury brought about by an increased blood content (hyperemia). It shows “heat”.
Calor
A cardinal sign, due to pressure upon the sensory nerve by the exudates/tumor resulting from the release of bradykinin and PGE2. It shows “pain”.
Dolor
A cardinal sign, due to the destruction of the functioning units of the tissue. It shows “diminished function”.
Function laesa
Nomenclature of common types of inflammation:
- Appendix - appendicitis
- Fallopian tube - salpingitis
- Pericardium - pericarditis
- Pleura - pleuritis
- Subcutaneous tissue - cellulitis
- Meninges - meningitis
- Arteries - arteritis
It is a type of inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks to months to years) in which active inflammation, tissue injury, and healing proceed
simultaneously.
Chronic inflammation
Subdivision of Chronic inflammation:
- Non-specific chronic inflammation
- Specific (primary) chronic inflammation
- Granulomatous inflammation
A subdivision of chronic inflammation characterized by arises following non-resolution of acute inflammation
Non-specific chronic inflammation
A subdivision of chronic inflammation characterized by arises de novo in response to certain types of injurious agents
Specific (primary) chronic inflammation
A subdivision of chronic inflammation characterized by a subset of specific inflammation wherein there is a presence of granuloma
Granulomatous inflammation
Factors that impair the healing of non-specific chronic inflammation
- Poor nutrition
- Immunosuppression
- Persistent tissue damage infection
- retained foreign material
- Sequestered dead tissue
- Poor blood supply
Factors that aid the healing of chronic inflammation:
- Administration of appropriate antibiotics
- Surgical removal of foreign material
- Surgical removal of sequestered dead tissue
- General attempts to improve nutrition
