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Section 5G Reproductive Systems > Perineum and Pelvic Floor > Flashcards

Perineum and Pelvic Floor Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pelvic floor?

A
  • formed by the levator ani and coccygeus muscles and their fascia
  • separates pelvic cavity from perineum
  • suspended from pubis (anteriorly), pelvic walls (laterally) and coccyx (posteriorly
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2
Q

What is the perineum?

A
  • a diamond shaped region between the pubic symphysis (anterior), the pubic and ischial rami and sacrotuberous ligaments (laterally) and the coccyx (posteriorly)
  • separated from the pelvic cavity by the pelvic floor
  • contains structures that support the urogenital and GI systems
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3
Q

What are the layers of the perineum?

A
  1. Perineal fascia
    - continuity of abdominal fascia
    - has deep and superficial layers
  2. superficial perineal pouch
    - potential space between perineal membrane (superiorly) and perineal fascia (inferiorly)
    - root of clitoris (F), penis (M)
    - bulbs of vestibule and greater vestibular glands
    - ischiocavernosus, bulbospongios, and superficial transverse perineal muscles
  3. perineal membrane
    - a sheet of tough fascia that stretches between both sides of the pubic arch
    - perforated by urethra (both) and vagina (F)
  4. deep perineal pouch
    - potential space between deep fascia of pelvic floor (superiorly) and perineal membrane (inferiorly)
    - urethra and external urethral sphincter
    - deep perineal muscles
    - vagina (F) and bulbourethral glands (M)
  5. pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
    - levator ani and coccygeus muscles and their fascia
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4
Q

What is the parietal body?

A
  • a central tendon at the midpoint of the perineum

- acts as an attachment site for the perineal muscles and perineal membrane

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5
Q

Which three muscles make up the levator ani muscle?

A
  1. Iliococcygeus mm
    - between ischial spine and coccyx
  2. Pubococcygeus mm
    - between posterior surface of pubic bones (lateral to puborectalis) and coccyx
  3. Puborectalis mm
    - between posterior surfaces of pubic bones
    - forms ‘sling’ around rectum and contributes to rectal continence
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6
Q

Describe the levator ani muscle

A
  • composed of 3 distinct muscles (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus and puborectalis)

Actions:

  • forms the pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor with the coccygeus muscle
  • supports the abdominopelvic viscera
  • elevates the pelvic floor
  • contributes to continence
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7
Q

Describe the coccygeus muscle

A
  • forms the pelvic floor with the levator ani muscle
  • from ischial spine to scrum and coccyx

actions:
- flexes coccyx

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8
Q

What are the triangles of the female perineum?

A

Urogenital (anterior)

  • contains external genitalia and urethra
  • ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles

Anal (posterior)

  • contains anal canal, internal and external anal sphincters
  • spincter ani externus and gluteus maximus muscles
  • divided by a transverse line between ischial tuberosities
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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the perineum?

A 
Pubic symphysis (anterior)
Pubic and ischial rami and sacrotuberous ligament (lateral)
Coccyx tip (posterior)
Pelvic floor (roof)
Skin & perineal fascia (base)
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10
Q

What is the deep perineal pouch of the female perineum?

A
  • a potential space between the deep fascia of the pelvic floor superiorly, and the perineal membrane inferiorly

Contents:

  • urethra and external urethral sphincter
  • vagina
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11
Q

What is the superficial perineal pouch of the female perineum?

A
  • a potential space between the perineal membrane (superiorly) and the perineal fascia (inferiorly)

Contents:

  • clitoris
  • ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus and superficial transverse perineal muscles
  • greater vestibular glands
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12
Q

What is the perineal fascia?

A
  • the most superficial layer of the perineum
  • continuous with abdominal fascia
  • has deep and superficial layers

Deep layer:
- continuous with Scarpa’s fascia

Superficial layer:
- continuous with Camper’s fascia

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13
Q

What are the layers of the perineum from external to internal?

A
  1. Perineal fascia
    - superficial and deep layers
  2. Superficial perineal pouch
  3. Perineal membrane
  4. Deep perineal pouch
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14
Q

What is the bulbospongiosus muscle?

A
  • one of the superficial perineal muscles
  • overlie bulbs of the vestibule
  • contributes to clitoral erection and orgasmic contractions
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15
Q

What is the ischiocavernosus muscle?

A
  • small muscle between crus of clitoris and ischiopubic rami
  • promotes clitoral erection
  • overlie crura of clitoris
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Section 5G Reproductive Systems (8 decks)

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