Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CRRAB 1 Week 1 > Pericardial Sac and Heart > Flashcards

Pericardial Sac and Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mediastinum? Name and delineate the four subdivisions of the mediastinum.

A

The mediastinum is the middle region between the two pleural sacs.

The four subdivisions are the middle, superior, posterior and anterior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the make-up of the pericardial sac?

A
  • outer fibrous layer which is fatty and blends with the central tendon of the diaphragm
  • inner serous layer with the parietal and visceral components
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the relationships of the pericardial sac to the heart? To the vessels? to the diaphragm? lungs?

A

the visceral layer is reflected directly on to the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
the fatty fibrous pericardium blends with the central tendon of the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the transverse sinus.

A

It’s the sinus created by the folding of the primitive heart tube at the base of the great vessels - located behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk

clamped during surgery to stop blood flow from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the oblique sinus.

A

Blind culdesac sinus behind the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identify the blood supply to the pericardium?

A

The fibrous pericardium is supplied by the pericardiacophrenic arteries

The serous visceral pericardium is supplied by the coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the nerve supply to the pericardium?

A

The fibrous pericardium is innervated by the phrenic nerves

the serous visceral pericardium is innervated by the coronary plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where and why is pericardial pain referred?

A

radiates from the substernal region and left pectoral region to the left shoulder and arm. This occurs because ischemia stimualtes nerve endings that run centrally in the cardiac branches of the sympathetic trunk and enter the spinal cord at segments T1-T5 on the left side. Cutaneous fibers from these levels go to the left shoulder and arm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the atrioventricular and arterial valves of the heart.

A

atriventricular vavles: tricuspid and mitral

arterial valves: aortic semilunar and pulmonary semilunar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Locate the approximate site on the anterior thoracic wall where the sounds of each valve can best be auscultated.

A

mitral valve - superficial to the apex beat at the left 5th intercostal space
aortic valve - 2nd righ intercostal space at the edge of the sternum
tricuspid valve - left lower end of the sternum
pulmonary valve - 2nd left intercostal space just to the left of the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the path of blood thorugh the heart.

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the INTRINSIC conduction system of the heart.

A

The SA node, AV node, bundle of His and purkinje fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the extrinsic nerve supply to the heart - both sympathetic and parasympathetic.

A

sympathetic: arise from the sympathetic trunk in the upper thoracic and cervical regions - increase rate and force of contraction, also carry pain sensation
parasympathetic: originate from the vagus nerve and synapse on ganglia in the wall of the heart - slow the rate and force of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is contained by the middle mediastinum?

A

it contains the pericardium, heart and roots of the great vessels within the pericarial sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is contained by the superior mediastinum?

A

the great veins, aorta and branches, part of the trachea, esophagus, vagus nerve, recurrnet laryngeal nerves, thoracic duct and thymus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is contained in the anterior mediastinum?

A

thymus gland (anterior to the fibrous pericardium and posterior to the sternum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

WHat is contained in the posterior mediastinum?

A

contains a continuation of many structures contained in the superior mediastinum - esophagus, descending aorta, and thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three openings in the right atrium?

A

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What valve protects the communication between the right atrium and the right vetnricle/

A

the right atrioventricular orifice = tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

WHat are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

septal, posterior and anterior

21
Q

What attaches the tricuspid cusps to the papillary muscles?

A

chordae tendinae

22
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

when the ventrile contracts, the papillary muscles contract and prevent the cusps from being forced into the atrium by pulling on the chordae tendineae

23
Q

What valve protects the pulmonary orifice (the communication between the right ventircle and the pulmonary trunk)?

A

the pulmonary valve (semilunar valve)

24
Q

How many cusps are involved in the semilunar valves?

A

3 - anterior, right and left

25
Q

What happens to the semilunar valve cusps during systole?Diastole?

A

systole = the cusps are pushed against the wall of the pulmonary trunk of the out-rushing of blood
diastole - blood flows back towards the heart and fills the sinuses to close the orifice and allows the ventricles to fill

26
Q

The pectinate muscles are located along the anterior wall of the atria. What is the equivalent in the ventricles?

A

the trabeculae carneae

27
Q

Why is the moderator band (septomarginal trabeculae) so important?

A

It conveys a part of the conducting system to the papillary muscles, so they know when to pull the AV valve closed

28
Q

The left atrium has openings of the four…

A

pulmonary veins

29
Q

What valve separates the left ventricle from the left atrium?

A

the mitral valve or bicuspid valve

30
Q

WHat are the two cusps of the mitral valve?

A

the atnerior and posterior

31
Q

What valve guards the aortic orifice?

A

the aortic semilunar valve

32
Q

Behind each cusp, the aorta bulges to form what? What blood vessels arise this area?

A

the aortic sinus - the right and left coronary arteries originate from this area

33
Q

What representes the sole conduction connection between the atria and the ventricles?

A

the bundle of HIS (AV bundle divides innto left and right bundle branches)

34
Q

What defines coronary artery dominance?

A

by which coronary artery gives off the posterior interventricular artery - most are right dominant

35
Q

Where does the left coronary artery arise from? How about the right?

A

left aortic sinus

right aortic sinus

36
Q

What are the two main branches of the left coronary artery (usually)?

A

anterior interventricular branch = left anterior descending (LAD)
Circumflex branch

37
Q

What are the branches of the right coronary artery (usually)?

A

right marginal branch
posterior interventricular artery
SA Nodal artery

38
Q

What does the left coronary artery supply?

A

interventricular septum and both ventricles
left artium and left surface of the heart
may help to supply the SA node

39
Q

WHat does the right coronary artery supply?

A

right atrium and right ventricle
SA node
AV node and AV bundle

40
Q

Which is more commonly occluded - the RCA or the LCA?

A

LCA

41
Q

Where do most of the cardiac veins drain into?

A

the coronary sinus

42
Q

What does the coronary sinus open into?

A

the right atrium

43
Q

What are the main veins of the heart?

A 
great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
oblique vein of the L atrium
posterior vein of the left ventricle
44
Q

THe smallest veins of the heart drain into where?

A

directly into the chambers of the heart

45
Q

Why are the coronary arteries called funcitonal end arteries?

A

Because their anastomoses are anatomical but no physiological - so only SLOWLY progressing occlusions stimulate formation of new collateral - acute occlusion is devastating because there’s no redundancy in the blood supply

46
Q

What is the main symptoms of progressive coronary atherosclerosis?

A

angina pectoris

47
Q

What is heart block?

A

When the conduction system is disrupted by occlusion of blood flow

48
Q

During paracentises of the pericardium, where do we put the needle/

A

through the 5th or 6th intercostal space near the sternum

49
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

compression of the heart that occurs because of accumulation of fluid around the heart, interfering with filling

CRRAB 1 Week 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions