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Y4 Cardio > Pericardial/ Myocardial diseases > Flashcards

Pericardial/ Myocardial diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what organisms can cause acute pericarditis?

A

Viral: coxsackie, flu, EBV, HIV
􏰀
Bacterial: pneumonia, rheumatic fever, TB, staphs

􏰀 Fungi

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2
Q

what medication can cause acute pericarditis?

A

penicillin, isoniazid, procainamide, hydralazine

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3
Q

how is the pain described for acute pericarditis?

A

Sharp
􏰁 Pleuritic
􏰁 Worse lying down
􏰁 Relieved by sitting forward 􏰁 Radiates to left shoulder

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4
Q

what does the ECG look like for acute pericarditis

A

saddle-shaped ST-elevation ± PR depression

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5
Q

what is the treatment for acute pericarditis ?

A

ibuprofen 400mg/8h PO

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6
Q

what would a CXR show for constrictive pericarditis ?

A

small heart + pericardial calcification

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7
Q

what is the management for constrictive pericarditis ?

A

surgical excision

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8
Q

what is Ewarts sign?

A

Ewart’s sign: large effusion compressing left lower lobe

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9
Q

with what condition is ewarts sign seen?

A

pericardial effusion

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10
Q

what is the cause of pericardial effusion?

A

acute pericarditis

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11
Q

what does CXR show for pericardial effusion?

A

enlarged, globular heart

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12
Q

what is a cardiac tamponade ?

A

Accumulation of pericardial fluid → ↑ intra-pericardial pressure → poor ventricular filling → ↓ CO

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13
Q

what signs are seen with tamponade?

A

Beck’s Triad: ↓ BP, ↑ JVP, quiet heart sounds
􏰀 Pulsus paradoxus
􏰀 Kussmaul’s sign

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14
Q

what is the treatment for tamponade ?

A

Urgent pericardiocentesis

􏰁 20ml syringe + long 18G cannula

􏰁 45 degrees, just left of xiphisternum, aiming for tip of left
scapula.

􏰁 Aspirate continuously and watch ECG.

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15
Q

what organisms can cause acute myocarditis?

A

Viral: coxsackie B, flu, HIV

􏰀 Bacterial: S. aureus, syphilis

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16
Q

what medication can cause acute myocarditis ?

A

cyclophosphamide, Herceptin, carbamazepine, phenytoin

17
Q

what are the symptoms of acute myocarditis ?

A

Flu-like prodrome: fever, sore throat, myalgia Dyspnoea, fatigue
Chest pain

18
Q

what are the heart sounds of acute myocarditis ?

A

Soft S1

S4 gallop

19
Q

what does blood results show for acute myocarditis ?

A

+ve trop, ↑CK

20
Q

what is the commonest mutation with HOCM?

A

β-myosin heavy chain mutation

AD inheritance

21
Q

what are the symptoms of HOCM?

A

Angina
Dyspnoea
Palpitations: AF, WPW, VT Exertional syncope or sudden death

22
Q

what are the signs of HOCM?

A

Jerky pulse
Double apex beat
Harsh ESM @ LLSE ̄c systolic thrill S4

23
Q

what is the medical treatment for HOCM?

A

􏰁 -ve inotropes:
1st – β-B,
2nd –verapamil 􏰁

Amiodarone: arrhythmias
􏰁
Anticoagulate if AF or emboli

24
Q

what is the surgical option for HOCM?

A

Septal myomectomy (surgical or chemical) if severe symptoms

25
Q

what is Cardiac Myxoma?

A

Rare, benign cardiac tumour
- occurs in females more

90% in L atrium (fossa ovalis)

26
Q

how is a diagnosis of Cardiac Myxoma made?

A

ECHO

27
Q

what is the treatment for Cardiac Myxoma?

A

excision

28
Q

what heart disease does carcinoid syndrome cause?

A

TR and PS

29
Q

what are the causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A 
Sarcoid
􏰀 Systemic sclerosis
􏰀 Haemochromatosis
􏰀 Amyloidosis
􏰀 Primary: endomyocardial fibrosis
􏰀 Eosinophilia (Loffler’s eosinophilic endocarditis) 􏰀 Neoplasia: carcinoid (→ TR and PS)
30
Q

what is the treatment for restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

treat the cause

31
Q

what are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Dystophy: muscular, myotonic, glycogen storage disease 􏰀 Infection: complication of myocarditis
􏰀 Late pregnancy: peri-, post-partum
􏰀 Autoimmune: SLE
􏰀 Toxins: EtOH, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, DXT
􏰀 Endocrine: thyrotoxicosis

32
Q

what are the signs of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 
JVP ↑↑
􏰀 Displaced apex
􏰀 S3 gallop
􏰀 ↓BP
􏰀 MR/TR
33
Q

what is the medical treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Medical: diuretics, ACEi, digoxin, anticoagulation

34
Q

what is the surgical treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Non-medical: biventricular pacing, ICD

35
Q

what does ICD stand for ?

A

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

36
Q

what does a CXR of dilated cardiomyopathy show?

A

cardiomegaly, pulmonary oedema

Y4 Cardio (10 decks)

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