Pericardial Disease

Question 1

Ewart’s sign

Answer 1

Patch of dullness and increased fremitus and egophony beneath the angle of the left scapula

Question 2

ECG finding of Stage 1 pericarditis

Answer 2

Widespread elevation of the ST segment, often with upward concavity, involving the two or three standard limb leads and V2-V6, with reciprocal depressions only in the avR and sometimes V1

Question 3

Stage 2 pericarditis

Answer 3

ST segments return to normal

Question 4

Stage 3 Pericarditis

Answer 4

T waves become inverted

Question 5

Stage 4 Pericarditis

Answer 5

ECG returns to normal

Question 6

Beck’s triad

Answer 6

Hypotension, soft or absent heart sounds, jugular venous distention with a prominent x descent but an absent y descent

Question 7

Pulsus Paradoxus

Answer 7

more than 10 mmHg fall in systolic arterial pressure upon inspiration

Question 8

Low pressure tamponade

Answer 8

Intrapericardial pressure is increase from 5 to 10 mmHg

Question 9

Doppler ultrasound of pericardial effusion

Answer 9

Tricuspid and Pulmonic valve flow velocities markedly iINCREASED during inspiration
Pulmonic vein, Mitral , aortic flow velocities DIMINISH

Question 10

Doppler ultrasound of Tamponade

Answer 10

Late diastolic inward motion of the RV free wall and the Right atrium

Question 11

Broadbent’s sign

Answer 11

Apical pulse is reduced and may retract in systole.