Electrocardiography

Question 1

Represents Ventricular Repolarization

Answer 1

ST-T-U complex

Question 2

Junction between the end of the QRS complex and beginning of the ST segment

Answer 2

J point

Question 3

Rapid upstroke of action potential and corresponds to onset of QRS

Answer 3

Phase 0

Question 4

Plateau/isoelectric ST segment

Answer 4

Phase 2

Question 5

Active repolarization / inscription of T waves

Answer 5

Phase 3

Question 6

Decrease the slope of phase 0–> inc QRS duration

Answer 6

Impairment of influx of Na

Question 7

If you prolong phase 2 what will happen

Answer 7

Increase QT interval

Question 8

if you shorten phase 2

Answer 8

Lessens the ST segment

Question 9

Normal P wave

Answer 9

positive in lead II and negative in avR

Question 10

Precordial lead where R and S waves are of approximately equal amplitude

Answer 10

Transition zone ( usually V3 or V4)

Question 11

Normal axis `

Answer 11

-30 to 100

Question 12

Left axis deviation

Answer 12

More negative than -30

Question 13

Right axis deviation

Answer 13

More positive than +100

Question 14

Right axis deviation may also be seen in the ff conditio

Answer 14

Reversal of the left and right arm electrodes, right ventricular overload, infarction of the lateral wall of the left ventricle, dextrocardia, left pneumothorax, left posterior fascicular block

Question 15

Right atrial overload

P pulmonale

Answer 15

Increase in P-wave amplitude (> or = 2.5 mm)

Question 16

Left atrial overload

P mitrale

Answer 16

biphasic P wave in V1 with a broad negative component or a broad (>=120 ms) often notched Pwave

Question 17

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 17

R wave in lead V1 (R >= S wave) usually with right axis deviation
qR pattern in V1 or V3R
ST depression and T wave inversion in the right to mid precordial leads
Prominent S waves may occur in the left lateral precordial leads

Question 18

Left ventricular Hypertrophy

Answer 18

SV1 + (RV5 or RV6) > 35mm

Question 19

Repolarization abnormalities

Left ventricular strain pattern

Answer 19

ST depression with T wave inversions

Question 20

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Answer 20

increase limb lead voltage with or without increased precordial voltage
(RavL + SV3 > 20 mm in women
> 28 in men)

Question 21

Right Bundle Branch Block

Answer 21

Terminal QRS vector is oriented to the right and anteriorly (rSR’ in V1 and qRS in V6 typically)

Question 22

Left Bundle Branch Block

Answer 22

wide predominantly negative QS complexes in lead v1 and entirely positive (R complexes in lead V6

Question 23

Often a marker of one of four underlying conditions associated with inc risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
(Coronary Heart Disease, Hypertensive heart disease, Aortic valve disease, Cardiomyopathy)

Answer 23

Left Bundle Branch Block

Question 24

Left anterior fascicular block (QRS axis more negative than -45)

Answer 24

Most common cause of marked left axis deviation in adults

Question 25

Left Posterior Fascicular block

QRS more rightward than +110-120

Answer 25

Extremely rare

Question 26

Diagnostic triad of WPW

Answer 26

Wide QRS complex associated with relatively short PR interval and slurring of the initial part of the QRS (delta wave)