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ADN 210 > Perfusion exam 3 > Flashcards

Perfusion exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

foramen ovale

A

allows oxygenated blood to travel from RA to LA

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2
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs

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3
Q

patent

A

remain open

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4
Q

congenital heart disease

A

missing or poorly formed parts of the heart

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5
Q

shunt

A

refers to the flow of blood through an abnormal opening between two vessel of the heart

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6
Q

diagnosis

A
  • screening- CCHD for all newborns at 24hr age
    electrocardiography
    echocardiography
    MRI
    cardiac catheterization
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7
Q

assessment

A

positive fam hist of cardiac disease
- poor feeding
- tachypnea/tachycardia
- arrhythmia/murmur
- failure to thrive/ poor weight gain
- activity intolerance
- developmental delays
- abnormal color-cyanosis and pallor
- clubbing of fingers
- chest deformities

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8
Q

acyanotic shunts

A

do not impair blood flow to the lungs, and the oxygenation process is intact. These shunts cause increased pulmonary blood flow

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9
Q

cyanotic shunts

A

impair oxygenation of blood by the pulmonary system and result in cyanosis. These defects cause decreased pulmonary blood flow

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10
Q

ASD

A

abnormal hole in the septum that divides the atria of the heart

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11
Q

ASD pathophysiology

A
  • acyanotic defect- increase pulmonary bd flow
  • left to the right shunt- blood leaks from the left atrium to the right atrium delivering extra oxygenated blood back to the lungs
  • a large ASD over a period of time, can cause damage to the heart and the lungs
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12
Q

ASD symptoms

A
  • fatigue
  • feeding intolerance
  • shortness of breath especially during any physical activity
  • swelling in abdomen, legs
  • murmur on auscultation
  • may not have any symptoms
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13
Q

ASD treatment

A
  • may close on its own
  • some defects may not close, and may need treatment
  • surgical correction done via cardiac cath or open heart surgery
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14
Q

VSD

A

a hole in the septum of heart ventricles

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15
Q

VSD pathophysiology

A

-acyanotic defect- increase pulmonary bd flow
- left to right shunt- blood leaks from the left ventricle to the right ventricle delivering extra oxgenated blood back to the lungs
- large VSD over a period of time can cause damage to the heart and the lungs

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16
Q

VSD symptoms

A
  • fatigue
  • feeding intolerance
  • shortness of breath especially during any physical activity
  • swelling in abdomen or legs
    murmur on auscultation
    may not have any symptoms
17
Q

VSD treatment

A
  • may close on its own
  • some defects may not close and may need treatment
  • surgical correction done via open heart surgery
18
Q

coarctation of aorta

A

a constriction or narrowing of the aortic arch or of the descending aorta

19
Q

coarctation of aorta pathophysiology

A
  • acyanotic defect
  • restricts blood flow to the body due to stenosis of aorta
  • L ventricle hypertrophy over time (working harder to pump through narrow aorta
20
Q

Coarctation of aorta symptoms

A
  • may not develop symptoms until adulthood
  • pulses and BP will differ between upper and lower extremities
  • fatigue
  • feeding intolerance
  • shortness of breath especially during any physical activity
  • heavy sweating
  • irritability
  • pale skin
21
Q

coarctation of aorta treatment

A
  • balloon angioplasty with stent placement
  • surgical repair
  • if untreated, leads to HTN, heart failure, and endocarditis
22
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A

it’s a combination of four heart defects that change the way blood flows through the heart and to the lungs

23
Q

TF pathophysiology

A
  • cyanotic defect (decrease pulmonary bd flow)
  • Righ ventricular hypertrophy- thickening of muscle in right ventricleaorta displacement- opening to aorta collection from both ventricles
  • pulmonary stenosis- narrowing of the pulmonic valve
  • ## ventricular septal defects- hole between ventricles
24
Q

TF symptoms

A
  • low SpO2- blue skin, lips, and fingernails
  • TET spells
  • fatigue
  • feeding intolerance
  • shortness of breath especially during any physical activity
  • murmur on auscultation
25
Q

TF treatment

A
  • tet spell- knee to chest
  • surgery
    temporary shunt (increase pulmonary blood flow and relieve hypoxia
    surgical correction via open heart surgery soon after birth, or after baby gets stronger
26
Q

heart failure

A

the inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood into the systemic circulation

27
Q

Heart failure clinical cues

A
  • impaired myocardial function- tachycardia at rest, feeding intolerance, weight gain
  • pulmonary congestion- tachypnea, dyspnea
  • system venous congestion- hepatomegaly
28
Q

HF diagnostic evaluation

A
  • made on the basis of clinical symptoms
  • echocardiography and other diagnostic imaging
29
Q

defects that have potential to lead to heart failure

A
  • in children, occurs as result of structural abnormalities
  • heart muscle may become damaged if left untreated
  • right- or- left sided failure
30
Q

Managing heart failure steps

A

1 improve cardiac function

#2 remove accumulated fluid and sodium
#3 decrease cardiac demands

31
Q

digitalis glycosides

A

improves contractility; slows HR
- monitor K+; check HR (hold <90 infant; <70 older child)
- adverse effects: N/V, visual disturbances, anorexia, bradycardia, or dysrhythmia

32
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

prevents compensatory vasocontriction
- monitor for cough, edema, hyperkalemia, hypotension

33
Q

beta blockers

A

decreased HR and BP, vasodilation
- monitor for bradycardia, hypotension, fatigue

34
Q
A
35
Q

nursing considerations diuretics

A
  • strict intake and output
  • fluid assessments
  • watch for hyponatremia, hypotension, and monitor for dehydration
    -monitor potassium
36
Q

remove accumulated fluid and sodium

A
  • loop diuretic- furosemide
  • thiazide diuretics- chlorothiazide
  • potassium-sparing diuretic- spironolactone
37
Q

decrease cardiac demands

A
  • limit activity
  • preserve body temp
  • treat infections
  • reduce effort of breathing
  • improve tissue oxygenation, reduce respiratory distress
  • maintain nutritional status
38
Q

heart failure nursing considerations

A

Monitor fluid status (I/O, daily weight)
Decrease energy expenditure/promote rest
Freq rest, small/frequent feeds, minimize crying, prevent cold stress
Prevent infections
Reduce respiratory distress
Upright or knee-chest (squatting) for cyanotic heart disease
Provide adequate nutrition
Promote growth and development
Establish daily caloric requirements
Consider gavage feedings
Consider nipple type
Family-centered care
Help the family adjust to the disorder and the new life at home (Discharge and homecare)
Educate the family about the disease
Prepare child and family for invasive procedures

39
Q
A

ADN 210 (8 decks)

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