Perfusion

Question 1

Normal Function of the Heart

Answer 1

Rhythmic cycle of contraction and relaxation

Question 2

Systole

Answer 2

Contraction of the Ventricles:
LV-> Aorta (oxygenated)
RV->Pulmonary artery (unoxgenated)

Question 3

Diastole

Answer 3

Relaxation of the ventricles

• atria contract
• blood moves into the ventricles
• blood fills coronary arteries

Question 4

S1

Answer 4

tricuspid and mitral valves close – soft lubb sound – beginning of systole
-best heard with the diaphragm of stethoscope (hi-pitched)

Question 5

S2

Answer 5

closure of aortic and pulmonic valves – sharp dupp sound – signals beginning of diastole
–best heard with the diaphragm of stethoscope (hi-pitched)

Question 6

S3 and S4

Answer 6

Extra sounds best heard with bell since they are low pitched.

Question 7

2 main factors influencing BP

Answer 7

Cardiac output and SVR

BP = CO x SVR

Question 8

Cardiac Output (CO):

Answer 8

Amount of blood pumped each minute (4-8L/min at rest)
stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR) = CO

Question 9

Stroke Volume

Answer 9

the amount of blood pumped by the ventricle with each heartbeat

Question 10

Pulse pressure

Answer 10

the difference between SBP and DBP. Normally about 1/3 of the SBP. Example – 120/80 PP = 40

Question 11

MAP (mean arterial pressure)

Answer 11

average pressure within the arterial system felt by the organs in the body
(2XDBP + SBP)/3 = MAP: 60 and above OK

Question 12

Conduction system is responsible for:

Answer 12

creating and transporting the electrical impulses of action potential. Entire process takes

Question 13

Impulse Conduction

Answer 13

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) → Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) → Bundle of His → Purkinje Fibers

Question 14

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

Answer 14

Pacemaker of heart

Located in the wall of right atrium

Question 15

Purkinje fibers

Answer 15

Bundle branches and purkinje fibers carry the impulse throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract

Question 16

Characteristics of Normal Perfusion: Adults

Answer 16

– Skin temperature and color: warm skin and deep
pink mucus membranes
– Heart rate: 60-80 beats/min
– Blood pressure: 120/70
– What is mean arterial pressure? (MAP> 60)
– Pulse pressure: difference between SBP/DBP
– Women tend to have slightly lower BP than
men
– African American males have slightly higher BP
– BP varies throughout day, highest in afternoon
– Position change causes only slight variation
– Physical exertion causes minimal change in
diastolic BP, but systolic BP increases
– Older adult: progressive increase in SBP with
decrease or no change in DBP

Question 17

Lifespan Considerations: Newborn and Infant

Answer 17

Skin temperature and color: cool with acrocyanosis at birth
HR 100-180 beats/min at birth
Then warm skin and deep pink mucus membranes
Heart rate:
100 – 150 beats/min
HR

Question 18

Lifespan Considerations: Toddler and Preschooler

Answer 18

Pulse: 70 – 110  (80-120 up to 2 yrs)
BP: 90/50
Note any S/S indicative of heart disease:
    - Poor weight gain
    - Developmental delay
    - Tachycardia			
    - Tachypnea
    - Cyanosis

Question 19

Factors Affecting Perfusion

Answer 19

1. Activity and Exercise
2. Obesity
3. Ethnicity/Race
4. Gender
5. Body Position
6. Smoking
7. Medications
8. Caffeine
9. Alcohol
10. Age

Question 20

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular disease/Problems of Perfusion

Answer 20

Fixed
Major
Minor

Question 21

Postural hypotension is

Answer 21

1. considered a failure of the cardiovascular system or nervous system to react appropriately to sudden changes.
2. Normally, when you stand up, some blood pools in your lower extremities. But your body normally compensates by sending messages to your heart to beat faster and to your blood vessels to constrict. This offsets the drop in blood pressure.
3. Uncorrected, this would cause your blood pressure to fall.
4. If this compensation does not happen, or happens too slowly, postural hypotension results.

Question 22

How does Age affect Perfusion

Answer 22

Age

Question 23

What would vavlular rigidity cause?

Answer 23

Systolic murmur (aortic or mitral)