Perfusion

Question 1

The side of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs

Answer 1

Right

Question 2

The side of the heart that pumps blood to the body

Answer 2

Left

Question 3

The pericardium and its 3 functions

Answer 3

Double walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

1. Prevents displacement of the heart during gravitational acceleration or deceleration
2. Serves as a physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and inflammation from the lungs and pleural space
3. Contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors to elicit reflex changes in blood pressure and HR

Question 4

Pericardial fluid

Answer 4

Secreted by cells of the mesothelium and lubricates the membranes that line the pericardial cavity, enabling them to slide over one another with a minimum amount of friction as the heart beats

Question 5

Myocardium

Answer 5

Thickest layer of the heart wall

Question 6

Myocardial cells

Answer 6

Provides the contractile force needed for blood to flow through the heart and into the pulmonary and systemic circulations

Question 7

Endocardium

Answer 7

Internal lining of the myocardium
Comprised of connective tissue and squamous cells
Continuous with the endothelium that lines all the arteries, veins, and capillaries of the body, creating a continuous closed circulatory system

Question 8

The heart’s conduction system

Answer 8

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

Question 9

P wave

Answer 9

Atrial depolarization

Question 10

QRS complex

Answer 10

Ventricular depolarization

Question 11

T wave

Answer 11

Ventricular repolarization

Question 12

Rate when vagus nerve is stimulated

Answer 12

Heart rate slows

Question 13

Enzymes to detect if MI occurs

Answer 13

Troponin
CK-MB
LDH
Myoglobin
Total CK

Question 14

Preload

Answer 14

Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole

Question 15

Conditions where preload is increased

Answer 15

Hypervolemia

Regurgitation of cardiac valves

Question 16

Afterload

Answer 16

Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

Question 17

Starling’s law

Answer 17

The greater the preload volume, the stronger the contraction

Question 18

Laplace’s law

Answer 18

Thick wall, increased wall tension, and smaller radius will increase contraction

Question 19

How does endothelium influence perfusion

Answer 19

Can vasodilate

Question 20

Factors influencing BP

Answer 20

C.O. x S.V.R.

Question 21

How does the RAAS influence BP?

Answer 21

When BP low, RAAS stimulated to retain sodium and water

Question 22

Factors affecting blood flow

Answer 22

Viscosity of Fluid
Pressure
Resistance (the opposition on the force and the diameter and length of blood vessels)

Question 23

Baroreceptors

Answer 23

Detect volume

Question 24

Arterial chemoreceptors

Answer 24

Detect CO2

Question 25

Chronic venous insufficiency

Answer 25

Inadequate venous return over a long period due to varicose veins or valvular incompetence Venous stasis ulcers

Question 26

DVT

Answer 26

Obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure

Question 27

3 factors promoting thrombosis

Answer 27

1. Venous stasis 2. Venous endothelial damage 3. Hypercoagulable states

Question 28

True aneurysm

Answer 28

Involves all 3 layers

Question 29

False aneurysm

Answer 29

Usually a break in the vessel wall | The aorta is the most susceptible to an aneurysm

Question 30

Most common cause of arterial aneurysms

Answer 30

Atherosclerosis

Question 31

Embolism

Answer 31

Dislodged blood clot

Question 32

Varicose veins

Answer 32

A vein in which blood has polled, distended, tortuous, palpable vein Caused by trauma or gradual venous distention

Question 33

S/S left side heart failure

Answer 33

``` Dyspnea Orthopnea Cough or frothy sputum Fatigue Decreased urine output Pulmonary edema ```

Question 34

Causes of right sided heart failure

Answer 34

Pulmonary diseases | Left sided heart failure