Perceptual Psych #2 Flashcards
This vibrates from air forced through lungs
Vocal cords
Where nasal activity, palates, tongue, teeth, gums, and lips are modified by other parts of the vocal tract
Articulators
Defined as meaningful differences in sound
Phonemes
English has 40 of these and Hawaiian only 11
Phonetic inventories
Partial or complete closure of vocal tract
Consonants
No obstruction of vocal tract
Vowels
Where vocal tract is restricted
Place of articulation
How sound is produced
Manner of articulation
Whether or not vocal cords continue to vibrate
Voicing
Example of “Voiced”
/m/ or /z/
Example of “Unvoiced”
/p/ or /s/
Vowels can be specified on two dimensions, which are..
- Tongue position
2. Mouth position
Resonant frequency for men, women, and children
Men - 500
Women - 725
Children - 850
What is the intensity of the human voice
70 dB
What are peaks of sound pressure
Formants
What is a rapid shift in frequency
Formant transition
What is the typical speaking rate?
12 phonemes per second
What is the overlap between the articulation of neighboring phonemes?
Coarticulation
Defined as we perceive a wide range of acoustic signals as limited number of speech sounds
Categorical Perception
How does the perceptual system tell acoustic signals apart?
Voice onset time
What is the delay between the beginning of a sound and when the vocal chords begin to vibrate?
Voice onset time
What allows the perceptual system to deal with lots of sound variation and still perceive phonemes correctly?
Phonetic Boundary
What is it called when the speech system guesses incorrectly?
Auditory ambiguity
What is the source of ambiguity that cues to mark word boundaries?
Ex. black bird - Blackbird
Juncture
What are two sources of ambiguity?
Juncture and stress
What is emphasis placed on a syllable?
Stress
Exaggerated pitch and intonation in speech directed to infants, mothers do this..
Motherese/Parentese
These are rarely confused in face-to-face speech but are confused on the telephone
High frequency sounds
People what this and can understand what is being said without sound
The speaker’s lips
When brain injury or stroke causes fluent but meaningless speech and loss of ability to understand language
Aphasia
What part of the brain is affected with Aphasia?
Wernicke’s area
What part of the brain is involved in production of speech?
Broca’s area
What part of the brain is involved in creation of speech?
Motor cortex
Known as cutaneous senses
Touch
Objects impinge on observer without any control
Passive touch
Observer actively investigates object
Active touch
How heavy and long is the skin
3,000 square inches and 9lbs
How far apart two separate point have to be to be perceived as two points is called?
Two-point threshold
Layer of the skin with hair, sweat glands, and renews itself once a month
Epidermis
Layer of skin with most touch receptors
Dermis
Layer of skin that has subcutaneous fat, provides cushion and insulation
Hypodermis
Disk-shaped cell, located at border of epidermis and dermis that responds to steady pressure of small objects
Merkel receptor
Flattened cells located just below epidermis that respond to rubbing stimulation
Meissner’s corpuscle
Elongated parallel to skin surface responds to steady pressure and stretching
Riffing cylinder
Layered onion-like structure in hypodermics that has poor localization and is sensitive to touch
Pacinian corpuscle
Mediate temperature and pain sensation
Free nerve ending
For something to be an odor it must have what characteristic?
Be volatile
What six categories of odors does Henning’s Smell Prism include?
Flowery Fruity Spicy Putrid Burned Resinous
How often does the nasal cycle shift?
Every 2-3 hours
What is the lifespan of an olfactory bulb?
28 days
What is the McClintock Effect?
Women living together have menstrual cycles fall into synchrony
What is it called when we have an odor preference and like a smell or not
Odor hedonic
bumps on the tongue called papillae are called..
Taste receptors
What are tiny structures that line walls of papillae?
Taste buds
How many taste cells are in a taste bud?
50-100
What are the major taste categories?
Sweet, sour, salty, and Unami
People who hardly detect bitter tastes
Nontasters
People who detect bitter tastes but not strongly
Medium tasters
People who find bitter tastes unpleasant
Supertasters
Reduced taste ability is called..
Hypogeusia
No taste ability is called..
Ageusia
Spicy foods contain this
Capsaicin
What was Locke’s theory called?
“Blank Slate”
Why does amblyopia mean
Lazy eye
Theory for average faces being attractive
- They posses symmetry
- They seem familiar
- They are easier for the brain to process
