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psychology.2 > perception - paper one > Flashcards

perception - paper one Flashcards

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1
Q

define ‘perception’

A

how we interpret sensory information that we receive

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2
Q

define ‘sensation’

A

the information we receive through our senses

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3
Q

what is a monocular depth cue?

A

a way of detecting depth or distance, which will work with just one eye

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4
Q

what is a binocular depth cue?

A

a way of detecting depth or distance, which will work with both eyes

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5
Q

name all four monocular depth cues

A

height in plane
occlusion
relative size
linear perspective

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6
Q

name both of the binocular depth cues

A

convergence
retinal disparity

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7
Q

what is convergence?

A

when the brain detects the difference in how eye muscles are working to judge distance

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8
Q

what is retinal disparity?

A

when the brain compares the images from both eyes to judge distance

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9
Q

what is occlusion?

A

when one object seems to cover part of another object

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10
Q

what is linear perspective?

A

when straight lines are angled so that they would come together at a point on the horizon

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11
Q

what is height in plane?

A

how high the object appears in the image

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12
Q

what is relative size?

A

how large an object appears In an image

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13
Q

what is motion parallax?

A

the way the visual field changes with movement. with close objects seeming to move more than objects that are further away

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14
Q

what does Gibson’s direct theory of perception suggest?

A

that we perceive simply by using the information we receive through our senses

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15
Q

what does Gregory’s constructivist theory of perception suggest?

A

that our past knowledge and experience is the most important thing when we are making sense of things around us

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16
Q

name the four factors which affect our perception

A

emotion
motivation
culture
expectation

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17
Q

name the four reasons we can interpret information incorrectly

A

fiction
ambiguity
size constancy
misinterpreted depth cues

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18
Q

what is fiction

A

creating something that isn’t really there, to complete an image

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19
Q

what is ambiguity

A

when an image could equally well be one thing or another

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20
Q

what is size constancy

A

keeping our original perception of the size of an object, even when the information received by the eye changes

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21
Q

what are misinterpreted depth cues?

A

wrongly applying the rules of depth perception

22
Q

define ‘culture’

A

a group of people who share similar customs, beliefs and behaviour

23
Q

define ‘expectation’

A

the beliefs we have about what we are going to experience

24
Q

define ‘ emotion’

A

the moods or feelings that a person experiences

25
Q

define ‘motivation’

A

the drives and needs that cause a person to act in a particular way

26
Q

can you explain the role of motion parallax in perception?

A

motion parallax is the way the visual field changes with movement

27
Q

explain what is meant by perceptual set

A

is a state of readiness for the information we receive from the environment around us

28
Q

can you describes Gregory’s theory of perception

A
29
Q

can you give two positive evaluation points for Gregory

A
30
Q

can you give a negative evaluation point for Gregory

A
31
Q

can you describe Gibsons theory of perception

A
  • Perceptual abilities are innate and do not have to be learnt through experience.
  • We perceive things by using sensory information.
  • We have enough information to understand the world around us by just using sensory information.
  • Visual information such as light, texture and detail helps us to make judgements about distance,
    movement and depth.
  • Motion parallax is a monocular depth cue which helps us understand movement. Things closer to us
    appear to move faster than things further away.
  • Gibson’s reference to affordances is his way of explaining why inferences are not needed in
    perception.
  • It is a bottom-up theory
32
Q

can you give two positive evaluation points for Gibson

A
  1. Gibson developed his theory using evidence collected in real life settings such as using pilots rather
    than through laboratory experiments. This increases the validity of his theory
  2. There is research evidence to support the idea that depth perception is innate. Gibson and Walk
    found that infants have abilities for perceiving depth even at a very young age. This supports the idea
    that perception may be due to nature
33
Q

can you give a negative evaluation point for Gibson

A
  1. Gibson’s theory cannot explain why perception is sometimes inaccurate, for example when our brain
    is tricked by visual illusions
34
Q

can you explain how inferences are used to construct a model of reality? - Gregory

A
35
Q

What is the aim for Bruner and Minturn’s Perceptual Set Study, 1955

A

to investigate how expectations can direct perception

36
Q

What is the study design for Bruner and Minturn’s Perceptual Set Study, 1955

A

lab study

37
Q

What is the method for Bruner and Minturn’s Perceptual Set Study, 1955

A
38
Q

What are the results for Bruner and Minturn’s Perceptual Set Study, 1955

A

most of the participants drew an open figure, like 13 and when they were expecting a number to come up. They drew a closed figure like the letter B when they were expecting a letter

39
Q

What is the conclusion for Bruner and Minturn’s Perceptual Set Study, 1955

A

the researchers concluded that the participants expectations had directly affected how they interpreted the stimulus figure

40
Q

What are the positive evolution points for Bruner and Minturn’s Perceptual Set Study, 1955

A

. the study was carefully controlled and counterbalanced, so it could be replicated and this increases the reliability of the findings

41
Q

What are the negative evolution points for Bruner and Minturn’s Perceptual Set Study, 1955

A

. the participants were all volunteers so their behavior might not have been representative as they were keen to take part. they also might have guessed the purpose of the study which affects the results

. this study lacked ecological validity because the task was not very similar to perception in real life

42
Q

What is the aim for Gilchrist and Nesberg’s Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

A

to investigate how motivation effects perception

43
Q

What is the study design for Gilchrist and Nesberg’s Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

A

lab study

44
Q

What is the method for Gilchrist and Nesberg’s Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

A
45
Q

What are the results for Gilchrist and Nesberg’s Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

A

the control group showed little difference in their memory of the brightness of the pictures as time went on. However, as the experimental group became hungrier they judged the pictures to be brighter

46
Q

What is the conclusion for Gilchrist and Nesberg’s Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

A

hunger can affect the way that we perceive images of food, which suggests that motivation affects perception

47
Q

What are the negative evaluation points for Gilchrist and Nesberg’s Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

A

. There were not many participants and they were all students of a similar age, so it is difficult to apply these results to other types people

. The pps. were volunteers so their behavior may not have been representative as they were keen to take part in the study. this affects the results

48
Q

What are the positive evaluation points for Gilchrist and Nesberg’s Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

A

the study had ecological validity because the participants were very hungry

49
Q

how does motivation affect perception?

A
50
Q

how do emotions affect perception?

A
51
Q

how does expectation affect perception?

A
52
Q

how does culture affect perception?

A

psychology.2 (4 decks)

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