Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

I + P > Perception, consciousness, sleep, memory and associative learning > Flashcards

Perception, consciousness, sleep, memory and associative learning Flashcards

1
Q

what is perception?

A

more than sensory discrimination

an active process in which patterns of stimuli are organised and interpreted using high level cognitive processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is bottom-up processing?

A

sensory driven processing that organises incoming sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is top-down processing?

A

knowledge, expectation and experience driven processing. higher level thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 properties of visual perception system

A

adaptation effect eg negative after images
depth perception eg linear perspective, interposition etc
gestalt perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is gestalt perception?

A

the basic organisational tendencies in perception, seeking meaningful groupings eg visual grouping, figure-ground organisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the ‘assumptive world’

A

own internal model of the perceived world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do sensory processes limit?

A

the amount of information available to us. helps us filter out unimportant or irrelevant information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

who performed the ‘context of madness’ experiment and what was it?

A

rosenhan 1973
8 pseudopatients went to doctors claiming to hear voices
all diagnosed with schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is consciousness?

A

awareness of self + surroundings

it lies on a continuum from focused alertness to coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 4 things altered states can be caused by?

A

sleep + dreams
psychoactive drugs
meditation
hypnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

who wrote ‘the hard problem’ and what did it say?

A

chalmers 1994

explains how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is monitoring?

A

only conscious of the things you pay attention to (inattentional blindness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the controlling view on consciousness?

A

idea that you can plan, initiate, guide future actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is unconscious processing?

A

the ability of the brain to process information while not aware eg subliminal perceprtion, ironic thought suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the stroop effect?

A

brain’s reaction time slows down when it has to deal with conflicting information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how are psychoactive drugs classified?

A

on behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the two forms of meditation?

A

one-point meditation and open meditation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the two states hypnosis can induce?

A

altered consciousness 40% (hidden observer)

focused attention 60% (state of compliance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how many stages of sleep are there?

A

5 (including REM sleep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how long is a normal sleep cycle?

A

around 90 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is core sleep?

A

first 5 hrs

no REM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is optional sleep?

A

next 2+ hrs of sleep after core

mostly stage 2 and REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how long is our circadian clock?

A

25 hrs

24
Q

describe insomnia

A

30% of population affected

many different causes (psych, social problems, environmental factors, other medical conditions)

25
Q

describe narcolepsy

A

0.15% prevalence

causes cataplexy, vivid speed-onset dreams (hallucinations)

26
Q

3 ways to investigate sleep

A

subjective sleep quality diary
movement in sleep
EEG output
dream characteristics and content

27
Q

effects of sleep deprivation

A

acute effects
both physical and cognitive changes

randy gardner - 264 hrs with no sleep

28
Q

what are the 3 stages of memory?

A

encoding - transformation
storage - retention
retrieval - recovery

29
Q

what makes up your working memory?

A

visiospatial, short term, articulatory loop

30
Q

who came up with the multi store memory model?

A

Baddeley

31
Q

what can the serial position curve show us

A

recency effect - STM

primacy effect - LTM

32
Q

what characteristics does echoic memory show?

A

recency effect, sounds linger

33
Q

what characteristics does iconic memory show?

A

no recency effect, image fades quickly

34
Q

5 characteristics of STM

A 
importance of attention
echoic and iconic memory
has a limited capacity
information is lost by displacement
retaining of information by rehearsal and elaboration
35
Q

4 characteristics of LTM

A
  1. episodic, semantic and procedural memory
  2. encoding - adding meaningful connections eg luria
  3. alternative memory systems explicit/implicit memory (knowing what/ knowing how)
  4. retrieval (recall vs recognition)
36
Q

what is synaesthesia?

A

crossing of sensory modalities

37
Q

what is hyperthymesia?

A

superior autobiographical memory

38
Q

what are the two forms of associative learning?

A

classical and operant

39
Q

define associative learning

A

learning the relationship between two events

40
Q

what is pavlovs prototype? (sequence)

A

US > UR leads to CS > CR

41
Q

what is acquisition?

A

the process of learning a conditioned response to a stimulus

US and CS

42
Q

what is extinction?

A

the process of forgetting a response/ learning it means something else
just US

43
Q

define contiguity

A

the state of bordering or being in contact with something

classical conditioning must have temporal contiguity between CS and US

44
Q

define contingency

A

animal learns CS is predictor of US

45
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

after extinction - use CS again and the animal remembers the previous association (not as strong)

46
Q

latent inhibition

A

past learning changes acquisition of new associations

47
Q

biological preparedness

A

soma associations have biological advantages eg phobias, taste aversions

48
Q

what is second order conditioning?

A

new CS successively paired with old CS

new CS elicit same CR eg effect of chemotherapy

49
Q

what is generalisation?

A

the greater the similarity between stimuli the more likely the same response will be elicited

50
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

the relationship between an action and a reinforce

51
Q

3 types of reinforcer

A

primary - unconditioned - inherently reinforcing
secondary - conditioned - becomes reinforcing
social - consequence of behaviour

52
Q

define shaping

A

reinforcement of successive approximations of desired behaviour

53
Q

define chaining

A

the breaking down of complex tasks so they are easier to learn

54
Q

which reinforcement increases a response?

A

positive and negative reinforcement

55
Q

which reinforcement decrease response?

A

extinction and punishment

I + P (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions