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I + P > child development > Flashcards

child development Flashcards

1
Q

what is attachment theory?

A

how early life experiences influence later adult functioning

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2
Q

what is the function of secure attachment?

A

provide model of self and social world

gives emotional regulation abilities

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3
Q

consequences of attachment theory?

A

change how separation is managed in childhood
change care of children in hospital
show how insecure attachment affects later life

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4
Q

what is the first stage of attachment?

A

pre-attachment

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5
Q

What age is the first stage of attachment?

A

0-2 months

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6
Q

what is the second stage of attachment?

A

attachment in the making

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7
Q

what age is the second stage of attachment?

A

2-7 months

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8
Q

what is the third stage of attachment?

A

clear-cut attachment

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9
Q

what age is the third stage of attachment?

A

7-24 months

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10
Q

what is the fourth stage of attachment?

A

goal corrected partnership

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11
Q

what age is the fourth stage of attachment?

A

24 months +

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12
Q

at what age does stranger anxiety stop?

A

10 months

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13
Q

at what age does separation distress stop?

A

12 months

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14
Q

how were stranger anxiety and separation distress tested?

A

the strange situation - Ainsworth test

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15
Q

what is ‘The strange situation’?

A

test by ainsworth
experimental test of attachment
cultural variations in categorisation

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16
Q

what are the functions of attachment?

A

allow exploration, autonomy

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17
Q

what did harlow investigate?

A

baby monkeys
what characteristics are selected to form attachment
warm comfort over food

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18
Q

characteristics of attachment in young children

A

selective, physical proximity seeking, comfort + security

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19
Q

4 types of attachment

A

secure
avoidant
resistant
disorganised

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20
Q

define sex

A

biological status of sexuality

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21
Q

define gender

A

learned or cultural status of sexuality

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22
Q

what is DSD and what does it mean?

A

disorders of sexual development

reproductive anatomy neither male or female

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23
Q

how do parents influence gender identity?

A

role models, parent-child interactions, gender-appropriate toys and activities.

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24
Q

what is social learning theory in sex and gender?

A

means that gender is learned through rewarding the ‘correct behaviour.

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25
Q

what is cognitive developmental theory in sex and gender?

A

ingrained behaviour based on gender.

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26
Q

at what age do we acquire gender identity?

A

2-3 years

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27
Q

at what age do we acquire gender stability?

A

~4 years

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28
Q

at what age do we acquire gender constancy?

A

4-5 years

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29
Q

in which areas does cognitive ability between genders differ?

A

verbal, spatial, maths (more exposure at school)

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30
Q

define cognition

A

the process by which knowledge is acquired, elaborated, stored, retrieved and used to solve problems.

31
Q

what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?

A

sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational

32
Q

describe the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.

A

birth to 2 years
recognition of self as agent of action
object permanence
6 substages

33
Q

describe the pre-operational stage of cognitive development.

A

2-7 years
centration (one idea at a time)
conservation (mass, volume etc)
egocentrism (can only think of self)

34
Q

describe the concrete operational stage of cognitive development.

A

7-11 years
start to think logically
can only think in relation to real things or events

35
Q

describe the formal operational stage of cognitive development.

A

11+ years
can reason symbolically
plan ahead
basis of adult cognition

36
Q

define schema

A

theories about how the social and physical world operate

37
Q

define assimilation

A

process of understanding a new object

38
Q

define accommodation

A

modifying a schema based on assimilation

39
Q

define operation

A

mental consideration of info in a logical manner

40
Q

define conservation

A

understanding amount is unrelated to appearance

41
Q

at what age does object permanence occur?

A

8 months

42
Q

2 ways to test intelligence

A

IQ test

Wechsler adult intelligence scale

43
Q

uses of intelligence testing

A

identify educational needs
assessment following trauma
predicting school attainment and performance in job

44
Q

limitations of intelligence testing

A

is IQ stable?
IQ influenced by environment
does not measure ‘world skills’

45
Q

what is cerebral lateralisation?

A

idea that the brain has asymmetry of function

46
Q

what processes does the left hemisphere of the brain control?

A

complex language, logical activities, maths

47
Q

what processes does the right hemisphere of the brain control?

A

simple language, spatial and pattern recognition, emotion

48
Q

what is phrenology?

A

measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules

49
Q

what are the 4 features of language?

A

phonology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics

50
Q

define phonology

A

knowledge of a sound system

develop limited phonemes therefore accent in other languages

51
Q

define semantics

A

expressed meaning of words and sentences

52
Q

define morpheme

A

smallest linguistic features that carry meaning eg small words, suffix/prefix

53
Q

define syntax

A

form or structure of language

54
Q

define pragmatics

A

rules about language in social context

55
Q

4 stages of the acquisition of speech

A

prelinguistic, appreciation of meaning, telegraphic speech, beginnings of adult speech

56
Q

describe the prelinguistic stage of language acquisition

A

first vocalisation
cry 3-4 weeks
coo 3-5 weeks
babble 3-4 months (repetition - echolalia)

57
Q

at what age does the appreciation of meaning occur and what does this mean?

A

12 months

single word utterances, words as representation of object

58
Q

at what age does telegraphic speech occur and what does this mean?

A

18-24 months
2 word utterances
convey more meaning

59
Q

skinners view on language acquisition

A

language is learned
need imitation and reinforcement
mothers adopt helpful speech (motherese)

60
Q

chomskys view on language acquisition

A

we are a language acquisition device and we have grammar hardwired and it is a biologically programmed behaviour

61
Q

what is lennebergs critical period hypothesis?

A

time in which language acquisition is easiest as brain is still developing
allows languages to be learned with no accent and regain language after head trauma

62
Q

detail the pathway required to speak a heard word

A

auditory area
wernickes area
brocas area
motor area

63
Q

detail the pathway required to speak a seen word

A 
visual cortex
angular gyrus
auditory area
wernickes area 
brocas area
motor area
64
Q

what is expressive aphasia and what is it caused by?

A

loss of ability to produce language

caused by damage to brocas area

65
Q

what is receptive aphasia and what is it caused by?

A

impairment of the comprehension of language

caused by damage to wernickes area

66
Q

what are the 3 styles of parenting?

A

authoritarian
authoritative
permissive

67
Q

what is authoritarian parenting?

A

strict rules that are not open to discussion

68
Q

what is authoritative parenting?

A

idea on discipline but is explained to the child

69
Q

what is permissive parenting?

A

relaxed ideas on discipline and behaviour

70
Q

who proposed the Demanding vs responsiveness theory on parenting?

A

maccoby and martin 1983

71
Q

at what age do children become interested in peers?

A

12-18 months

72
Q

3 types of play

A

solitary, group, parallel

73
Q

what are the 4 different sociometry statuses?

A

popular, controversial, neglected, rejected

I + P (2 decks)

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