child development Flashcards
what is attachment theory?
how early life experiences influence later adult functioning
what is the function of secure attachment?
provide model of self and social world
gives emotional regulation abilities
consequences of attachment theory?
change how separation is managed in childhood
change care of children in hospital
show how insecure attachment affects later life
what is the first stage of attachment?
pre-attachment
What age is the first stage of attachment?
0-2 months
what is the second stage of attachment?
attachment in the making
what age is the second stage of attachment?
2-7 months
what is the third stage of attachment?
clear-cut attachment
what age is the third stage of attachment?
7-24 months
what is the fourth stage of attachment?
goal corrected partnership
what age is the fourth stage of attachment?
24 months +
at what age does stranger anxiety stop?
10 months
at what age does separation distress stop?
12 months
how were stranger anxiety and separation distress tested?
the strange situation - Ainsworth test
what is ‘The strange situation’?
test by ainsworth
experimental test of attachment
cultural variations in categorisation
what are the functions of attachment?
allow exploration, autonomy
what did harlow investigate?
baby monkeys
what characteristics are selected to form attachment
warm comfort over food
characteristics of attachment in young children
selective, physical proximity seeking, comfort + security
4 types of attachment
secure
avoidant
resistant
disorganised
define sex
biological status of sexuality
define gender
learned or cultural status of sexuality
what is DSD and what does it mean?
disorders of sexual development
reproductive anatomy neither male or female
how do parents influence gender identity?
role models, parent-child interactions, gender-appropriate toys and activities.
what is social learning theory in sex and gender?
means that gender is learned through rewarding the ‘correct behaviour.
what is cognitive developmental theory in sex and gender?
ingrained behaviour based on gender.
at what age do we acquire gender identity?
2-3 years
at what age do we acquire gender stability?
~4 years
at what age do we acquire gender constancy?
4-5 years
in which areas does cognitive ability between genders differ?
verbal, spatial, maths (more exposure at school)
define cognition
the process by which knowledge is acquired, elaborated, stored, retrieved and used to solve problems.
what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational
describe the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
birth to 2 years
recognition of self as agent of action
object permanence
6 substages
describe the pre-operational stage of cognitive development.
2-7 years
centration (one idea at a time)
conservation (mass, volume etc)
egocentrism (can only think of self)
describe the concrete operational stage of cognitive development.
7-11 years
start to think logically
can only think in relation to real things or events
describe the formal operational stage of cognitive development.
11+ years
can reason symbolically
plan ahead
basis of adult cognition
define schema
theories about how the social and physical world operate
define assimilation
process of understanding a new object
define accommodation
modifying a schema based on assimilation
define operation
mental consideration of info in a logical manner
define conservation
understanding amount is unrelated to appearance
at what age does object permanence occur?
8 months
2 ways to test intelligence
IQ test
Wechsler adult intelligence scale
uses of intelligence testing
identify educational needs
assessment following trauma
predicting school attainment and performance in job
limitations of intelligence testing
is IQ stable?
IQ influenced by environment
does not measure ‘world skills’
what is cerebral lateralisation?
idea that the brain has asymmetry of function
what processes does the left hemisphere of the brain control?
complex language, logical activities, maths
what processes does the right hemisphere of the brain control?
simple language, spatial and pattern recognition, emotion
what is phrenology?
measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules
what are the 4 features of language?
phonology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics
define phonology
knowledge of a sound system
develop limited phonemes therefore accent in other languages
define semantics
expressed meaning of words and sentences
define morpheme
smallest linguistic features that carry meaning eg small words, suffix/prefix
define syntax
form or structure of language
define pragmatics
rules about language in social context
4 stages of the acquisition of speech
prelinguistic, appreciation of meaning, telegraphic speech, beginnings of adult speech
describe the prelinguistic stage of language acquisition
first vocalisation
cry 3-4 weeks
coo 3-5 weeks
babble 3-4 months (repetition - echolalia)
at what age does the appreciation of meaning occur and what does this mean?
12 months
single word utterances, words as representation of object
at what age does telegraphic speech occur and what does this mean?
18-24 months
2 word utterances
convey more meaning
skinners view on language acquisition
language is learned
need imitation and reinforcement
mothers adopt helpful speech (motherese)
chomskys view on language acquisition
we are a language acquisition device and we have grammar hardwired and it is a biologically programmed behaviour
what is lennebergs critical period hypothesis?
time in which language acquisition is easiest as brain is still developing
allows languages to be learned with no accent and regain language after head trauma
detail the pathway required to speak a heard word
auditory area
wernickes area
brocas area
motor area
detail the pathway required to speak a seen word
visual cortex angular gyrus auditory area wernickes area brocas area motor area
what is expressive aphasia and what is it caused by?
loss of ability to produce language
caused by damage to brocas area
what is receptive aphasia and what is it caused by?
impairment of the comprehension of language
caused by damage to wernickes area
what are the 3 styles of parenting?
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
what is authoritarian parenting?
strict rules that are not open to discussion
what is authoritative parenting?
idea on discipline but is explained to the child
what is permissive parenting?
relaxed ideas on discipline and behaviour
who proposed the Demanding vs responsiveness theory on parenting?
maccoby and martin 1983
at what age do children become interested in peers?
12-18 months
3 types of play
solitary, group, parallel
what are the 4 different sociometry statuses?
popular, controversial, neglected, rejected
