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PSYC 111 > Perception and neuropschology > Flashcards

Perception and neuropschology Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

active receiving of information

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2
Q

perception

A

interpretation of information ( meaning to contribute)

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3
Q

neural implementation

A

STEP 1:
sensory organs absorb energy
STEP 2:
energy is TRANSDUCED into a neural signal
STEP 3:
the neural signal - sent through the brain- further processing takes place

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4
Q

structure of eye

A
  • outer layer
  • middle layer
  • inner layer
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5
Q

vision and light

A

light and the electromagnetic spectrum

wavelength and amplitude - controls brightness

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6
Q

outer layer

A

cornea (transparent/ binocular ability )

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7
Q

middle layer

A

choroid (needs nutrients )

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8
Q

inner layer

A
  • vitreous humor
  • iris
  • pupil
  • lens= accommodation- looks down to see focus and cataracts( from birth)
  • retina
  • rods and cones
  • bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells
  • blind spot
  • optic nerve
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9
Q

rods and cones function

A
  • transduction
  • properties of rods and cones
  • rods and cones distribution
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10
Q

properties of rods and cones

A

CONES:

  • colour= yes
  • time= daytime
  • resolution= high

RODS:

  • colour=no
  • time= night-time
  • resolution= low
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11
Q

brain organization

A
  • lobes ( four)
  • cortex
  • sub cortex ( inside brain)
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12
Q

visual pathway

A
  • eyes-> sub cortex
  • eyes= lateral geniculate nucleus ( pass information to next stage)
  • sub cortex-> cortex
  • later geniculate nucleus-> V1
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13
Q

V1

A

primary visual cortex = area 17 = striate cortex

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14
Q

Minshkin and Ungerledier (1982)

= Further cortical pathways - object/landmark discrimination

A
  • double dissociation
  • ventral stream-pattern perception (WHAT)
  • dorsal stream-spatial location (WHERE)
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15
Q

double dissociation

A

damage area TE/IT ( TEMPORAL LOBE):

  • performance on object task= IMPAIRED
  • performance on landmark task= OK

damage area PG (PARIETAL LOBE)

  • performance on object task= OK
  • performance on landmark task= IMPARIED
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16
Q

neural properties of the visual system

A

information processing of visual neurons

  • rods + cods= DIFFUSE LIGHT
  • retinal ganglion cells= SPOTS OF LIGHT
  • lateral geniculate nucleus cell= SPOTS OF LIGHT
  • V1 cells- LINES OF DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS
  • beyond V1= ventral visual system
  • beyond V1= area TE/IT
  • grandmother cells
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17
Q

retiontopic mapping

A

point to point mapping of external world onto retina, lateral geniculate nucleus and V1

  • V1 before= Retinotopic mapping’
  • V1 after= no retinotopic mapping
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18
Q

lateral inhibition and receptive fields

A

receptive filed= area of the retina which when stimulated by light causes a change in the neural activity of the cell

  • ganglion cell = DOTS
    • centre surrounded architecture
19
Q

what is the point of centre- surround architecture

A
  • enhances contrast

- brightness contrast

20
Q

Herman Grid illusion

A

-why do we see black spots-> intersections
= retinal ganglion cells performing lateral inhibition

  • what information does the RGC assembly send forth if:
    = bathed in diffuse light/darkness
    =presented with a light/dark dot
    =streets and intersections `
21
Q

blindness

A
  • right monocular blindness
  • bitemproal homianpoia
  • left homonymous haemianopia
  • left homonymous haemianopia ( with muscular sparring)
22
Q

blind sight

A 
patient DB (damages V1)
cant localize objects that he swear he cant see
23
Q

Achromatopsia

A

absence of colour vision

-damage to V4(adds colour to image)

24
Q

Akinetopsia

A

absence of motion vision

-damage to V5 (MT)

25
Q

visual Agnoisa

A
  • Apperceptive Agnosia
  • dorsal Simultagnosia
  • ventral Simultagnosia
  • Associative Agnosia
26
Q

Appreceptive Agnosia

A
  • failure of object recognition due to a FAILURE OF VISUAL PERCEPTION
  • preserved elementary visual function
  • poor matching and copying
  • neuropathology
  • peppery mask hypothesis
27
Q

Dorsal Simultagnosia

A
  • failure of object recognition due to a SPATIAL PERCEPTUAL IMPAIRMENT
  • preserved elementary visual function
  • can’t recognize objects- not more than 1 at a time
  • neuropathology
28
Q

Ventral Simultagnosia

A
  • failure of object recognition due to a COMPLEX PERCEPTUAL IMPAIRMENT
  • preserved elementary visual functions
  • can recognise objects - not more than 1 at a time but see MULTIPLE OBJECTS
  • neuropathology
29
Q

Associative Agnosia

A

-failure of object recognition due to a HIGHER ORDER COMPLEX PERCEPTUAL IMPAIREMENT
-preserved elementary visual functions
-seemingly normal copying
-perception not normal
=hard time noting difference between possible/impossible figures
=copying - accurate but SLAVISH
-neuropathology

30
Q

theories of pattern perception

A
  • bottom-up theories

- top-down theories

31
Q

bottom-up theories

A
  • way the VIUSAL system is constructed

- error and confusion

32
Q

top-down theorises

A
  • -hypothesis testing
  • speed of recognition
  • speed of reading
  • ambiguous and reversible figures
  • subjective contours
  • interactive theories of pattern perception
33
Q

depth perception

A
  • binocular cues

- monocular cues

34
Q

binocular cues (2)

A
  • retinal disparity (image different length size)

- convergence +divergence (near or far)

35
Q

monocular cues

A
  • close perspective

- linear perspective

36
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic theory

=colour perception

A

problems with theory:

  • why does colour blindness occur in pairs?
  • why do you get colour after effects ?
37
Q

opponent-process theory

A

explaining colour through perception

38
Q

Rene Descartes (1600)

A

-pineal gland

pea like structure

39
Q

Gall and Spurzheim (1800)

A
  • phrenology -localization of function

- faculties

40
Q

Broca and Patient Tan (1861)

A

-broca’s Aphasia

= damage to Broca’s area - no fluent speech

41
Q

Wernicke (1874)

A

-Wernicke Aphasia

=deficits comprehension of language

42
Q

Fritsch and Hitzig (1870)

A

electricity

43
Q

Occipital lobe

A

damage causes:

  • blindness and blind sight
  • Apperceptive Agnosia
44
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • anatomy
  • effects of damage to the superior temporal gyrus
  • effects of damage to the middle and interior temporal gyrus
  • effects of damage to the right medial temporal lobe
  • effect of damage to the left medial temporal lobe

PSYC 111 (10 decks)

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