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PS1002 > Perception and Cognition > Flashcards

Perception and Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the visual pathway

primary visual cortex in one hemisphere receives…

A 
eye - LGN - primary visual cortex
primary visual cortex in one hemisphere receives
only 1/2 visual field
from contra-lateral (opposite) side
from both eyes
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2
Q

explain the receptive field of the ganglion cells

A

has two components
excitatory centre
inhibitory surround

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3
Q

V1 primary visual cortex - how is it arranged

A

circular receptive fields from LGN combined into an elongated V1 still with an excitatory centre and inhibitory surround

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4
Q

simple cells - Hubel and Wiesel

A

primary visual cortex V1 cells
selective for position on t=retina
orientation of edge / bar
size or width or bar

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5
Q

hierarchical processing in V1

A

simple cells combine to form the complex cell again with excitatory centre and inhibitory surround

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6
Q

complex cells are selective for

A

rough position on the retina
orientation of edge / bar
size or width of bar
movement within receptive field

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7
Q

hypercomplex cells

how formed and additionally what are they selective for

A

complex cells combining and again same structure
length of edge or bar
needs to sop at one or both ends

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8
Q

what does different types of receptive fields in V1 lead to

A

different orientation and spatial scale
leads to edges
the receptors are all orientated differently across the visual field so can do edges

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9
Q

organization of the primary visual cortex

A

cortex mapped
one are processes contours on one region of retina
cells analysing one orientation lie in same column
damage to V1 leads to blindness (local field defect)

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10
Q

what is Gestalt psychology about

A

the whole is more than the sum of the parts

grouping principles of perceptual organization: similarity - in luminance, shape, colour

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11
Q

grouping principles in gestalt psychology

A 
similarity
proximity
closure
good continuation
common fate
law of closure
maximum likelihodd principle
parts of the image are seen as belonging together. these parts are likely to arise from the same object
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12
Q

secondary visual cortex

A

V2
von der heydt, peterhans
v2 cells are selective for edges defined by good continuity and closure
v2 damge impairs grouping by some principles
good continuity, closure, similarity (colour

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13
Q

gestalt principles - figure-ground

A

area bounded by contour is seen as separate object

contours seen as belonging to one object at a time

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14
Q

problems in recognition

A 
an p=object changes with
distance
position
perspective
view
orientation
lighting
occlusion of parts
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15
Q

object agnosia

A

failure to recognise objects
no loss of intelligence
no simple visual impairment
may draw object ok but not recognize drawing if later presented back to him
can see edges but cannot put them together
at first was thought to be a case of dementia coupled with poor vision - clearly fine vision and patient did not have dementia
brain scan found two localised lesions

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16
Q

two types of edge/bar detectors (types of edges they detect)

A

fine and coarse

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17
Q

Marr’s model of recognition

A

analyse image with range of edge filters
use gestalt grouping principles - eg continuity finds outline
segment outline at nearest concavities
define arrangement of part (cylinders)
- start with biggest cylinder (principle axis)
-work though progressively smaller cylinders
match descriptions f parts to 3D models in memory

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18
Q

mar’s model of recognition, model predicts..

problem…

A

visibility of principle axis important
different orientations equally easy to recognise
problem - many objects gard to recognise if upside down or rotated

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19
Q

Biederman ‘recognition by components’

A 
detect arrangement of edges 
parallel co-linear co-terminating
such arrangements do not alter with view
determine geon type 
determine arrangement of geons
match geon description to memory
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20
Q

geons

A

part of biederman’s recognition by components
36
axis straight or curved?
cross section type (symmetric, smooth, angular)?
when arranged size, orientation to each other?

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21
Q

problem with biederman

A 
does not differentiate objects within class
does not use surface pattern
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22
Q

processing of form - where in the brain

A 
pattern processing in temporal cortex
cell selectivity
code shape and colour and texture
respond to all objects with these properties
generalise across position
orientation and size specific
organised in columns
=
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23
Q

summary of how we perceive what we see

A

v1 edges - v2 contours - v4 simple features - elaborate features in the temporal cortex

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24
Q

object coding

A

one cell not coding object concept (eg isn’t a cell for a pineapple)
object identity coded by large arrays of cells
vocabulary of around 500 properties to code many objects

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25
Q

what does a lesion to the temporal cortex do

A

disrupts pattern discrimination and object recognition

produces object agnosia

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26
Q

prosopagnosia
symptoms
interpretation

A

failure to recognise individual faces
may recognise individuals bu theor clothes, voice
may recognise other objevt
faces processed by a specialised brain system?
within object class discrimination defective? - patient may not recognize different cars, birds

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27
Q

patient WJ

A

WJ could remember sheep but not human faces

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28
Q

object agnosia patient

A

patient CK could see faces but not vegetables

double dissociation - separate impairments in recognition of faces and objects

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29
Q

fusiform face area

A

right fusiform area - faces > objects

faces but not other objects of expertise (eg cars) activate area

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30
Q

extrastriate body area

A

right occipitotemporal area: bodies > objects

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31
Q

where is the extrastriate body area

A

mid temporal

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32
Q

where is the fusiform face area

A

parahuppocampal place area

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33
Q

hierarchical models of processing

A
  1. hubel and wiessel’s findings in the visual cortex
    - simple-> complex-> hypercomplex
  2. selfridge’s pandemonium model. feature demons -> cognitive demons - > deciiosn demon
  3. grandmother cells
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34
Q

hierarchical processing what are grandmother cells

problems?

A

specificity - respond to one object only
generalisation - respond to many instances
problems
not enough cells in the brain
but eery 1mm3 contains 1 million cells and most people recognise 20,000 words
unlikely to ever find them

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35
Q

monkey fMRI patch responsive to faces

A

test single cells in fMRI patch
16 faces, fruits, bodies, gadget, hands, scrambles
99% of cells selective for faces

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36
Q

summary of face processing in temporal cortex

A

V1 and V2 features -> temporal cortex elaborate feature -> STS faces

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37
Q

what face processing happens in the temporal cortex

A

cell populations selective for sight of face
generalize over size, position, orientation, lighting
most selective for view: so Marrs’ model wrong
some 5% of cells show sensitivyt to identity
other cells selective for familir objects

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38
Q

visual cues for facial recognition

A

features
internal (eyes, mouth, nose)
external - hair
configuration - features have to be in the right place
face familiarity
external features more important for unfamiliar faces
internal faces more important for famous faces

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39
Q

thatcher illusion

A

features analysed independently
each feature coded relative to gravity
you don’t notice if individual features flipped to right way round when face upside down

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40
Q

facial averageness

A

faces added together and warped to make a single average face - tends to be smooth and a little blurry\
we find average faces most attractive - probably an evolutionary explanation

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41
Q

effects of caricatures on face naming (famous faces, exaggerate features, can you name them?)

A

50% caricature can recognise the face almost twice as quickly compared to the original
caricatures exaggerate deviation from average
caricature familiar faces can improve recognition
implies faces coded by differences from average

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42
Q

brain asymmetry in face perception

A

face split vertically and mirror images formed left and mirror left look more like the target than mirror right
also if shown half male, half female face, the half of the face on the left dictates the answer
face perception is biased so left eye information favoured onto right hemisphrere

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43
Q

what is the perceptual bias in face processing and what is the explanation

A

judgements of face identity, sex, age, attractiveness are biased to left side of face
explanation
left 1/2 face projects to observers right hemisphere
right hemisphere is specialised for face processing

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44
Q

real life tests in IDs

A

supermarket check-out workers told to expect fraudulent credit cards and to check photo IDs
despite warnings 50% of false ID cards accepted
eyewitnesses inaccurate in identifying a face
30% errors identifying unfamiliar faces (live or video)
experience/training dos not improve accuracy
police officers = students matching photos to CCTV images

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45
Q

conclusions to draw from face identification

A

recognition of familiar faces is excellent
yet recognition of unfamiliar faces is very poor
beware eye witness claims

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46
Q

facial expression of emotion - production

A

cross cultural similarity of expressions and causes
dear and blind children’s expression are normal therefore production of expressions is innate (Darwin)
cultural similarities - Ekman imagine your child died all came up with same facial expression
cultural differences - Asian faster changes in eye region, Jack et al
less negative expression in Japan compared to USA, matsumoto et al

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47
Q

comprehension of facial expression of emotion

A

universal interpretation of 6 basic emotions (Ekman) - happy, sad, angry, fear, surprise, disgust
does this mean comprehension is innate? or is there a potential role for learning

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48
Q

fear

A

facial expression similar across species
lab-reared monkeys show no fear of snakes
learn if another monkey seen fearing snakes (mieka and cook)
fear learning is stronger for snakes than flowers
adaptive if there are few or no poisonous snakes
vicarious (social learning) of what fear is

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49
Q

fear expression activate … compared to happiness

A

activates the amygdala (more scared the face, more amygdala activation)
happy expression inhibit the amygdala

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50
Q

brain imaging for facial expressions of emotion and brain damage

A

different emotions activate different brain systems fear in amygdala
brain damage - damage can selectively impair emotion recognition, amygdala -> no recognition of fear

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51
Q

amygdala damage

A

reduced sensitivity to facial expression of fearreduced sensitivity to sound of fear
reduced experience of fear
patients lacking amygdala look less at the eyes. therefore do not notice the open eyes of fear expressions

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52
Q

disgust
what induces it
what is the utility of disgust

A

contamination from food etc
moral transgression
helps us avoid illness
closes off senses and stops ingestion

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53
Q

what are of the brain does disgust activate

A

insular cortex

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54
Q

understanding emotions and empathy

A

can map brain for pleasure / disgust sight and experience of
emotion perception - see reactions to an odour
emotion experience - smell odours
sight in the insula scanned, see disgust > see neutral

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55
Q

brain regions for odours

A

anterior insula activated only by unpleasant odors
is the same brain region activated by smell and sight
-> insula stimulation evokes taste and odour experiences

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56
Q

empathy
where in the brain
what
why

A

insula cortex
processes sight of others disgust expressions
processes unpleasant tastes, smells
- we understand others emotions by matching to our own emotions
witnessing others disgust activates our on insulas as if we are disgusted
contagious emotion response aids social learning, eg fear of snakes

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57
Q

disgust expression
brain imaging
brain damage

A

disgust emotion activates insula cortex
brain damage
damage to the insula cortex or basal ganglia in huntigtons disease impairs disgust recognition
huntingtons disease relatives without clinical symptoms show impairment in recognising disgust expressions

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58
Q

classification of expressions

A

categorizing mixed emotions is hard
expressions are often ambiguous
depends on the context

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59
Q

disorders with biased emotion processing

A

negativity bias in depression
hostile attribution bias in conduct disorder
assuming hostility is rational in adverse environment, but may be self reinforcing

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60
Q

vicious cycle in aggression

A

biased negative interpretation of another’s expression leads to an aggressive reaction which is reciprocated

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61
Q

establishing a virtuous cycle

A

shifting the interpretation bias set up a virtuous cycle in which positive reactions are reinforced

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62
Q

modifying emotion perception experiment

A

trained participants (adolescent males)
shift emotion attribution - see less anger and more happiness
report lower levels of anger
staff report less aggressive behaviour in adolescents with criminal records in 2 weeks after training

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63
Q

conclusions in the perception of emotional expressions

A

bias in the perception of emotional expressions has a causal role in subjective anger and aggressive behaviour
biased emotion perception may contribute to mood disorders

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64
Q

social signals for interaction - gaze, where in the brain

A

ventral thalamus

activity modulated by attractiveness and gaze direction

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65
Q

attraction and eye contact

A

brain reward system activated by attractive faces looking at you (unattractive faces looking away)

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66
Q

2 social signals for interaction

A

gaze - kampe

expression - O’Doherty

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67
Q

attraction and interaction

A

attractiveness is abstract
attraction to you is important
looking and smiling indicates attraction to you
faces attracted to you activate reward systems

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68
Q

emotion recognition

A

brain systems - specific emotions
empathy - analysis of own and others emotions
social learning - contagion of fear or disgust
biased interpretation - psychopathology
regulates - aggression

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69
Q

how we see in 3D (cues available to painters)

A

height in the field of view - further away an object, the higher in the visual field, the lower it projects on the retina
geometric perspective - parallel lines appear to converge with distance
texture gradient - finer (denser) texture is seen as further away
size of familiar objects - object size decreases with increasing distance, if size know distance can be gauged
occlusion or overlap - close objects overlap far objects
blurring and increase of blueness - distant objects = hazy or blurred, dust particles scatter light (depending on wavelength of light) so distant objects appear more blue as will have a different wavelength when they reach your eye
shadow - more ambiguous as we must assume light direction to see cue
pictorial cues - again ambiguous, many 3D situations produce the same 2D image

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70
Q

the hollow mask

A

light direction interpreted so that hollow mask appears as a solid face

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71
Q

seeing depth and distance - unambiguous cues

A 
dynamic cues
- motion parallax
accommodation
-focus of the eye
binocular sues
-binocular convergence
stereopsis
accommodation and binocular cues only work for close distances
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72
Q

relative motion or motion parallax

A

when we travel in one direction, stationary objects move opposite to our direction of travel
the speed of relative motion is related to distance
close objects appear to move fast, far objects slow

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73
Q

what are binocular cues

A

cues of convergence of eyes having to converge more for close objects to bring them into focus

74
Q

what is stereopsis

A

left and right eye differ
they don’t have the same view
discovered by the victorian stereogram (red and green glasses that makes it seem 3D

75
Q

definition of a visual illusion

why do we study them

A

illusions occur when what we seen does not correspond to what is physically present in the world
we study them as they tell us things about normal vision

76
Q

what do brightness after effect and colour after effect tell us about vision

A

pigment bleaching / neuronal fatigue and opponent processing of colour

77
Q

reconcile

ng colour theories

A

three colour receptors feed to ganglion cells

lots of green light, receptors adapt, post adaption see too much green

78
Q

motion after effect

A

waterfall illusion, spiral after effect

explanation - neuronal fatigue and opponent processing of motion direction

79
Q

illusions over time

examples and perceptual principles

A 
brightness after effect
colour after effect
motion after effect
orientation after effect
perceptual principle
adapt to a steady state
code (overemphasise) change in values across time
80
Q

illusions over space examples

conc

A

brightness contrast
object brightness coded relative to the surround brightness - so square appears darker on a lighter background
colour contrast
object colour coded relative to surround colour
motion contrast
orientation contrast (Zolner illusion
visual qualities are coded relative to the surround

81
Q

what is the Zollner illusion

A

orientation contrast

lines appear orientated differently when covered in lots of parallel hashes

82
Q

illusions of size

A

geometrical illusion
ponzo
muller-lyer
ames room

83
Q

size distance relationship

A

object size is inferred from perceived distance and image size
for 2 objects with the same image size, the object appearing further away is seen as larger

84
Q

the ponzo illusion and gregorys theory

A

two parallel lines same size but one higher up page made to look further away so perceived as bigger
gregorys theory - the visual system makes hypothese about distance to objects based ont he evidence in the image. interpretation of size follows

85
Q

Muller-lyer illusion

A

objectively equal in separation, percpetuaqlly different. way two lines split, made to look different in size when actually the same
perceptive cues set up false interpretations of distance

86
Q

ames room

A

room set up to screw with size and distances for the observer
room has false distance cues. left and right corners appear equally far but are not
objects at different distance appear equally far (retinal size differences are seen as real size differences)

87
Q

Richard Gregory carpentered theory

A

population from more carentered environemtns see more right angles so fall for the illusion more?
in reality noce idea but not true in practice
illusions occur in populations across the world

88
Q

impossible figures

A

penrose triangle
escher’s prints
brain cannot compute 3D structure from all parts at once, each part looks plausible in isolation

89
Q

ambiguous figures

A

necker cube - 2d images have one or more 3d interpretation

entertain each interpretation, but only one at a time

90
Q

conditions for motion perception in apparent or phi motion

A

lights flashing with close separation and short time interval = motion
wide separation or long time interval = no motion

91
Q

utility of motion

A 
rigid structure
articulating structure
heading direction
maintain posture
interpreting causality
attributing goals
92
Q

what are the mechanisms for detecting motion direction

A

local inhibition in one direction

detects real or apparent motion in direction, opposite to inhibition

93
Q

cartoon motion explained

A

again apparent or phi motion
relies on apparent motion
brain interpolates smooth change in shape

94
Q

controlling posture

experiment

A

postural stability - posture is less stable with closed eyes
lee’s swinging room - when te room moves, visual motion is attributed to body motion which causes inappropriate posture compensation

95
Q

optic flow

A

j. Gibson
focus of expansion = heading direction
landing a plane on an aircraft crrier

96
Q

estimating time to contact

A

lee

rate of expansion predicts when to react

97
Q

kinetic depth use

A

circling ballet dancer, can detect shape from changing silhouette

98
Q

detecting form from motion

A

rigid motion - kinetic depth, shape from changing silhouette

biological motion - form moving body from lights on joints, biological motion

99
Q

perception of causality in collisions (michotte)

A

impression of causality - one object bumps into a second objects stops, then second object moves off
reduced impression of causality
second object moves off before the collision
second object moves off after a long delay

100
Q

attribution of pupose Heider and simmel

A

cartoon moves in which actos are arbitray shapes with trajectories appropriate for meaningful actions
subjects attribute actions and intentions to the moveing shapes (eg big triangle chased the little triangle)

101
Q

habituation paradigm

A

repeat film until infant observer is bored
change film
measure renewed interest
violation of expectations - surprise and long looks

102
Q

motion defining goals

A

behavioural sensitivity
1 year olds infer unseen goals ie are sensitive to the likely goals of an action
increased attention if agents action is inconsistent with earlier goal - catching a small ball
does not take shortest path to small ball
continues on non-intercept trajectory

103
Q

brain processing of motion and form

A

v1 and v2 features outputs on motion and IT colour and form to STS

104
Q

what does biological motion do

A

activates specific brain regions

105
Q

motion processing in the brain (cells)

A

V5 cells are motion sensitive
v5 damage causes motion blindness
inability to track fast movement
see a series of frozen snapshots

106
Q

evidence for top-down processing

A 
anatomy
context
imagination
observer bias
priming expectations
107
Q

bottom up processing

A

high level object detections
mide level pattern detectors
low level feature detectors

108
Q

top down influence

A

memorized concepts
high level object detectors
mid level pattern detectors

109
Q

bidirectional processing models

A

information flow is bottom up and top down

expectations lower threshold for likely items

110
Q

anatomy to determine whether top down or bottom up

A

eye -> lgn < v1 < v2 < v4 < temporal cortex
more connections descend than ascend
only 3% of v1 input layer synapses are from lgn
vision = 97% reconstruction or halucination

111
Q

context of an object

A

within a scene it is easier in a context to find an image where it belongs in an image than in an obscure place
within an object - word context biases interpretations, jumbled letter judged based in context of word
word superiority effect
detecting a ltter in is easier when in a word

112
Q

can visual areas be activated without visual input

A

brain areas processing sight of faces and places fusiform face area, parahippocampal face area
imagine doing thigs - can detect awareness

113
Q

expectations - object permanence

A

we expect an object moved behind a screen to reappear with the same form when screen removed
under 8 months abort search if object is hidden

114
Q

object permanence food location

A

tinklepaugh - monkeys
clayton - scrub jays
remember the reward value of hidden objects

115
Q

perceptual priming

A

conscious and subliminal
rapid cereal presentation
brief images are seen but memory is fleeting
they may not achieve full awareness but can affect recognition and bias behaviour
the rord alzeihmers can impair memor performance
the word fast speeds up reading and walking

116
Q

signal detection

A

hits and misses
reward for hits and no penality fro false alarns - encourages target present bias
no reward for hits and severe penalty for false alarms encourages target absence bias
bas affected by
subject confidence
% trials target present
payoff detecting / missing targets
payoff matric
consider benefits from hits and correct rejections

117
Q

types of eye movements

A

fixations (pauses) when the eyes are still 3-4 per second
saccades (jumps) between fixations
slow tracking following a moving object

118
Q

functions of eye movements

A

to direct fovea to features of interest

119
Q

why does the world appear static when our eyes move

A

vision turned off during eye movement
we cannot see our own saccades in a irror
relative conditioning of motion
inhibition between similar motion detectors
compare movement predicted and occuring

120
Q

stability of the visual world

A

feed-back from stretch receptors in the eye muscles
feed-forward from planed movements (von Holst)
efference copy of commands to move eyes cancels incoming image movement

121
Q

evidence for feed-forward

A

passive eye movement - press eye gently, scene moves

paralysis of eye muscles, try to move paralysed eye, scene jumps

122
Q

general principles behind stability of the sensory world

A

attend to unpredictable events

ignore predictable consequences of own actions

123
Q

unstable sensory world

A

schizophrenic hallucinations?
sub-vocal speech not recognised as self-generated
own actions and thoughts controlled by others

124
Q

factors affecting face attractiveness

A 
face owner
averageness
symmetry
sexual dimorphism - masculinity in men, femininity in women
health
face admirer
hormone levels
own status
imprinting
theory - immune competence handicap hypothesis
125
Q

composite faces

A

averageness
blending a group of faces shows consisitent traits and looks the most attractive
skin texture gets smoother
face becomes more symmetric
evolutionary explanation
avoid extreme mutant genotypes
psychological explanations - we like what we see often

126
Q

is averageness as attractive as it gets

A

no

attractive faces are systematically different from average faces

127
Q

evolutionary theory of attractiveness

A 
female investment
eggs (bigger than sperm)
gestation
incubation
lactation
nursing
so females  choosier than males, exception sea-horses and stickleback
128
Q

symmetry in attractiveness - animal world

A 
left = right for population
low fluctuating asymmetry
shows coped with challenges during growth
indicates health ad immunity
tail symmetry is preffered in swallows
is symmetry attractive in humans
129
Q

symmetry in humans attractiveness

A

more symmetric face shape preffered

130
Q

evolutionary theory - what do females

A

low fluctuating asymmetry, ability to grow / plan
hnest signals of a costly handicap
immune competence - testosterone surpresses immunity; only fit males can afford testosterone cost
predicts sexually dimorphic male traits

131
Q

male masculinity shows…..

attractiveness?

A

shows strength and immunity
should it be attractive
surprising aversion to masculinity (shown by women)
feminine warm and hinest whereas masculine is cold and dishonest

132
Q

sexual selection for parental care

A

selection may show preference for facial features indicating paternal investment
high testosterone inked to marital problems (mazur and booth)

133
Q

do mate preferences change over a woman’s menstral cycle?

A

conception most likely in follicular phase
women select most attractive face and report cycle pahse
increased attraction to masculinity when fertile

134
Q

preference for masculinity due to relationship desire

A

preferences for masculinity follows fertility for short bt not long term relationships
parallel effects for voice, dominant behaviour, body shape, pheromone odour

135
Q

male choice of partner

A

selection occurs for both sexes
in several primate species females compete for males attention
high oestrogen is associated with health and fertility
feminized female features (face, voice, body shape) should be attractive to men
feminised features in female faces are attractive to men

136
Q

if humans compete for partners how will partners pair up

A

own status and competition
women report own attractiveness and judge faces for
-long term relation
-short term relation
chose faces manipulated in masculinity or symmetry

137
Q

more attractive women prefer what features

A

attractive women prefer more masculine men

attractive women prefer more symmetric men

138
Q

competition and mate preferences

A

for long term relationships, less attractive women prefer lower level of masculinity and focus less on symmetry
interpretation
attractive women may extract greater commitment from symmetric / masculine men
we learn attraction to individuals we can get / keep

139
Q

imprinting on parent characteristics

A

imprinting - early exposure to parent traits affects later mate preferences in birds and mammals
Lorenz’s birds
male lambs fostered by female goats prefer goats to sheep as sexual partners (Kendrick et al)

140
Q

imprinting in humans?

A

does a human resemble a woman’s father or mother
opposite sex parent and partner are similar
imprinting on opposite sex parent

141
Q

odours found attractive

A

pheromones - airborne chemicals influencing physiology or behaviour
awareness not needed for effects

142
Q

Gibson’s theory of direct perception

A

visual information controls actions directly
visual properties of objects afford actions
we recognise which actions can be achieved

143
Q

perception and action where in the brain

A

occipital lobe
direct control of actions - parietal lobe
recognition and memory - temporal lobe
where and what pathways

144
Q

ventral pathway damage

A

cannot recognise objects, orientation, size
patient DF poor at matching handle to target orientation
but patient DF cam guide actions visually

145
Q

action pathway

A

dorsal pathway v1 -> parietal lobe

damage = ataxia; cannot guide actions but can recognise objects

146
Q

perception pathway

A

ventral pathway v1 -> temporal lobe

damage = agnosia: cannot recognise objects but can guide actions

147
Q

visual illusions - does it effect motor

A

red circle surrounded by different shaped circles, makes the red circle appear bigger or smaller (visual illusion)
visual control of action does not suffer illusions
grip size during reaching under online visual guidance is accurate

148
Q

are the motor and the perceptual systems integrated?

motion primed by actions experiment

A

stimulus - rotation with ambiguous direction
response - turn hand, think
turn clockwise
percept - display moves with your action plan
interpretation - common code for perception and action control
see intended or associated effects of action

149
Q

mirror neurone systems

A

premotor cortex
cells fire during performance of hand actions
cells fire when other seen or heard doing the same action
interpretation
seeing and doing use same brain systems
action recognition depends on production ability

150
Q

understanding actions and mirror neurones

A

premotor cortex mirror neurons
discharge during the observation and execution of an action
discharge when the action goal hidden but can be deduced
discharge when an action can only be hear
could enable understanding actions of others by translating them into our own actions
support imitation or empathy?

151
Q

seeing or doing
does our brain systems respond to the sight of actions because they are familiar or we know how to do the actions
how do we test this
what is the result

A

ballet dancers have visually familiar but not performed dance moves and otorically familiar dance moves due to different sexes having different moves
premotor and parietal cortex
active more to seeing own-sex than other-sex dance moves
same and opposite sex dance moves were equally visually familiar
mirror systems active when see actions with out motor repertoires
analyse their actions in terms of how we would perform them

152
Q

does observing someone else being touched activate our own somatosensory cortex - experiment

A

movies of actors being touched on their legs
touch of the subjects legs
hypothesis - some brain areas activated by both sight and touch
primary somasensory cortex
sight of touch > non-touch
see touch, feel touch overlap

153
Q

social perception summary

A

seeing or hearing others actions activates our premotor action plans as if we do the actions
witnessing touch activates our secondary somatosensory cortex as if we are touched
witnessing others disgust activates our insula cortex as if we experience disgust
witnessing others in pain activates similar brain regions to experiencing pain ourselves

154
Q

action perception and production summary

A

TMS (trans-cranial magnetic stimulation) of motor cortex produces electrical potentials in muscles
seeing actions using the same muscles reduces the threshold for TMS produced muscle potentials
hearing speech and seeing lip movements increases tongue and vocal muscle excitability

155
Q

what is motor theory of speech perception

A

we stimulate production of speech we hear

156
Q

what is the benefits of attention

A

can benefit processing
attending on to one object types
-boosts sensitivity
-boosts activity in relevant brain system

157
Q

what area of the brain attends to faces, houses?

A

faces - fusiform face area

houses - parahippocampal place area

158
Q

gorilla experiment

A

85% miss the gorilla in an image when cancer screening

159
Q

what is inattention blindness

A

subjects attending to one object or position can be blind to other objects or unexpected events (neisser)
subjects must attend to objects to notice them but attention may not be enough
changes (saccades and events) can distract us

160
Q

change blindness

A

while a door is carried between people, one person changes identity 50% of observers don’t notice the change
simons and Levin

161
Q

flashing within a screen does what

A

decreases the chance of seeing other changes

162
Q

change blindness - when do we miss change

A

if it happens slowly
if an irrelevant transient (flash, occlusion, saccade) occurs between the original and new forms
movement can itself prevent us noticing colour changes

163
Q

hemi-spatial neglect explained

A

damage to right temporal / parietal cortex
inattention to left side of space and objects
cross items only on right of display
bisect right of lines
draw only right side of objects

164
Q

evidence for coding of attention direction

A

2/3 cells code gaze and face view
2/3 cells code face and body view
gaze > face > body
wrong gaze inhibits correct face view

165
Q

problems processing gaze

A

autism

shyness

166
Q

autism and gaze

A

spontaneous attention following deficit in autism

but good at gaze geometry - can work out where picture was looking

167
Q

how do we use attention direction

A 
competition 
get food out of dominants sight (chimps)
re-hide food if seen
define what others know or believe
knowledge used competing / cooperation
social learning
objects of fear
words for objects looked at
168
Q

nature vs nurture, learning to see who and brief what they think

A

nativist - Descartes, percpetual abilities inborn

empiricist - Berkeley, perception depends on experience

169
Q

sources of evidence (just titles) in nature vs nurture debate on learning to see

A

infant abilities
restored vision
cultural differences
adaptation

170
Q

infant abilities of vision - brief

A

Gibson - visual cliff, size constancy - bower
face perception
object perception

171
Q

visual cliff

A

Gibson - visual cliff, (can only test once mobile but infants avoid the visual cliff, done on goats who are walking from day one and they avoid the cliff. rats don’t)
suggest innate

172
Q

infants object perception

A

bower - size constancy

trained head turn response with peekaboo reward generalises to trained size at changed distance

173
Q

face perception in infants

A

fantz, goren et al, h=Johnson et al
looking preferences for 2 min olds of facial configurations
and potentially imitate facial gestures

174
Q

neonate imitation

A

meltzoff and moore
Ferrari et al
infants imitate tongue protrusions
but also will imitate if any object comes near so up for debate

175
Q

recovery from blindness

A 
abilities present
-figure ground degregation
cross modal matching touch to vision
problems in interpretation
-unknown experience before blindness
adult knowledge used in interpreting vision
degeneration of the visual system
176
Q

experience and the nervous system
visual cortex
temporal cortex

A

orientation sensitive cells present at birth
visual environment influences the distribution of orientation sensitive cells
critical period of influences (3-7 weeks in cats)
temporal cortex
cells responsive to simple aspects faces may be inborn
but show effects of experience

177
Q

effects of culture in experience and perception

A

effects of culture
recognition of letters and words
inuit perception and discrimination of snow
colour words blue and green

178
Q

adaptation to prisms

A

chicks
motor system matures; consistency in aim increases
but ability to hit target does not
humans
prisms shift the visual world in one direction, adaptation in humans
visual - motor coordination compensates
adaptation leaves an after effect
behaviour biased in compensatory direction

179
Q

adaptation to inverted vision

A

initially world looks upside down (and is sickening)
after weeks of adaptation world looks normal
motor skills return - cycling, skiing possible

180
Q

adaptation to prisms

why should the system adapt

A

limbs grow
eye changes shape
need to re-calibrate visuo-motor coordination

PS1002 (5 decks)

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