Perception and Attention

Question 1

PSYCHOPHYSICS AND EXAMPLES -
Thresholds:

Answer 1

Absolute -
Just noticeable difference -
Magnitude -

Question 2

PSYCHOPHYSICS AND EXAMPLES -
Methods:

Answer 2

Fechner’s ‘classical’ methods -
Signal detection theory -

Question 3

PSYCHOPHYSICS AND EXAMPLES -
Laws:

Answer 3

Weber’s law -
Fechner’s laws -
Stevens’s law -

Question 4

Key Features of approaches to perception -
CONSTRUCTIVIST:

Answer 4

An approach to perception taken by those who argue that perceptual system uses fragments of sensory information to construct an image of reality.

Question 5

Key Features of approaches to perception -
COMPUTATIONAL:

Answer 5

An approach to perception that focuses on how computations by the nervous system translate raw sensory stimulation into an experience of reality

Question 6

Perceptual Organisation -
FIGURE-GROUND SEPARATION:

Answer 6

Figure ground discrimination is the ability to organise visual scene so that it contains meaningful figures set against a less relevant ground - certain objects or sounds are automatically identified as figures, whereas others become meaningless background.

Question 7

Key Features of approaches to perception -
ECOLOGICAL:

Answer 7

An approach to perception maintain that humans and other species are so well adapted to their natural environment that many aspects of the world are perceived without requiring higher-level analysis and inferences.

Question 8

Perceptual Organisation -
GESTALT GROUPING PRINCIPLES:

Question 9

Gauging Distance to feature or object-
MONOCULAR:

Answer 9

Allow to perceive depth and distance with one eye - Relative size -Objects that appear larger tend to perceived to be closer. Linear Perspective - Barrel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance. Texture Gradient - Details become less defined and finer as distance increases. Interposition - One object partially blocks another, the blocked object is perceived farther away. Height in plane - Objects closer to the horizon appear farther away.

Question 10

Gauging Distance to feature or object-
BINOCULAR:

Answer 10

Use rely on slight differences in images seen by each eye, allowing depth perception. Binocular Disparity - Each eye sees a slightly different view of the world, the brain combines these images to perceive depth. Convergence - The close an object the more inward our eyes turn to focus on it. Stereopsis - Brain combines images from each eye to perceive depth.

Question 11

Gauging Distance to feature or object-
OCULOMOTOR:

Answer 11

Use based on how our eyes focus on objects at different distances. Accomodation - The lens of the eye adjusts its shape to focus on objects at different distances. Convergence - As object gets close, our eyes turn inward to keep object on the fovea of each eye. Motion Parallax - As we move, objects at different distances appear to move at different rates relative to our movement.

Question 12

Colour Perception:
Trichromatic Theory -

Answer 12

Proposed by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz, this theory suggests that colour vision is based on three primary colours: red, green, and blue. These colours can be mixed to create the perception of other colours.

Question 13

Colour Perception-
Opponent-Process Theory:

Answer 13

Suggests that colour perception is controlled by three opponent channels: red versus green, blue versus yellow, and black versus white. Activation of one colour in a channel inhibits the perception of its opponent.

Question 14

Colour Perception-
Colour Constancy:

Answer 14

The ability to perceive colours consistently under varying lighting conditions. This process allows us to perceive objects as having the same colour even under different light sources.

Question 15

Motion perception-
Apparent Motion:

Answer 15

The perception of movement in stationary stimuli, such as the illusion of motion in a sequence of still images.

Question 16

Motion perception-
Real motion:

Answer 16

The perception of movement in objects that are actually moving.

Question 17

Motion perception-
Motion Aftereffect:

Answer 17

Also known as the waterfall illusion, this phenomenon occurs when prolonged exposure to a moving stimulus results in a perception of motion in the opposite direction when the stimulus stops.

Question 18

Motion perception-
Phi Phenomenon:

Answer 18

The perception of motion caused by the rapid succession of still images, such as in the case of flashing lights.

Question 19

Key features involved in attention -
Selective Attention:

Answer 19

The ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others. This process allows us to allocate our limited cognitive resources to relevant information.

Question 20

Key features involved in attention - Alertness and Arousal:

Answer 20

The level of wakefulness and physiological activation can influence attention. Higher levels of alertness and arousal generally enhance attentional performance, while fatigue or drowsiness can impair it.

Question 21

Key features involved in attention -Attention Networks in the Brain:

Answer 21

Attention involves the coordinated activity of multiple brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and various subcortical structures such as the thalamus and basal ganglia. Different networks within the brain support various aspects of attention, such as orienting, alerting, and executive control.

Question 22

Key features involved in attention - Sustained Attention:

Answer 22

The ability to maintain focus on a task or stimuli over an extended period, without being distracted or losing interest. Sustained attention is crucial for tasks that require prolonged mental effort.

Question 23

Key features involved in attention -
Divided Attention:

Answer 23

The ability to attend to multiple stimuli or tasks simultaneously. Divided attention is essential for multitasking but can be limited by the capacity of our cognitive system.

Question 24

Key features involved in attention - Attentional Control:

Answer 24

The ability to deliberately allocate attention to different stimuli or tasks based on goals, priorities, or environmental demands. Attentional control allows us to flexibly adapt our focus in response to changing circumstances.

Question 25

Key features involved in attention - Attentional Capture:

Answer 25

The involuntary redirection of attention by salient or unexpected stimuli in the environment. Attentional capture can occur when stimuli are particularly bright, loud, or novel, drawing our attention away from our current focus.

Question 26

Key features involved in attention -
Executive Attention:

Answer 26

A higher-level cognitive process involved in goal-directed behaviour, decision-making, and problem-solving. Executive attention helps us prioritise tasks, inhibit irrelevant information, and switch between different tasks or goals.

Question 27

TOP-DOWN PROCESSING:

Answer 27

Top down processing are aspects of recognition that that are guided by higher-level cognitive processes and psychological factors, such as expectations

Question 28

BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING:

Answer 28

Botton-up processing are aspects of recognition that depend first on the information about the stimulus that comes to the brain from the sensory receptors.