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ACP > Perception and Action > Flashcards

Perception and Action Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 behaviours that improve chances of survival?

A
  1. Find food
  2. Reproduce
  3. Avoid predation
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2
Q

In order to produce actions, animals need cognition. In what way(s) do animals perceive useful information for cognition and movement?

A

Proprioception (are my muscles moving?), vestibular organs (am I moving?), vision/audition/olfaction (what is out there?)

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3
Q

Visual information travels from the back of the eye, to the LGN, then to the primary visual cortex (V1), with everything still laid out as it was on the back of the eye. What occurs between V2 and V4?

A

Form and colour is picked out from the stimuli. The information then passes to the inferotemporal, prefrontal, and premotor cortices, before travelling to the motor cortex and brainstem.

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4
Q

Receptors + Brain + Central pathways = ?

A

Perceptual System

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5
Q

What are the four types of energy?

A
  • Chemical (taste/smell)
  • Heat/Tactile (skin)
  • Waves of Air (audition)
  • Body Motion (vestibular system)
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6
Q

What is filtration?

A

Preventing overload of information to the brain by selectively remove irrelevant information e.g. the evolution of the human eye to perceive the visible spectrum and not other wavelengths. Unchanging information is usually not threatening and is therefore filtered out.

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7
Q

What are the benefits of sound (echolocation) over light information for some animals?

A
  • Travels further and faster in water

- No need to rely on external energy source (the sun) so can hunt at night and therefore avoid predators

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8
Q

What is sampling?

A

An active process involving looking for specific information and searching for useful information e.g. eye movements.

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9
Q

What are the six single eye movements or ‘ductions’?

A

Abduction, Adduction, Intorsion (up and in), Extorsion (up and out), Supraduction and Infraduction.

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10
Q

What are the six ‘versions’?

A

Dextroversion (gaze to right), Laeversion (gaze to left), Supraversion, Infraversion, Dextrocycloversion (upper cornea moves to right), Laeocycloversion (upper cornea moves to left).

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11
Q

What is divergence?

A

Both eyes returning to primary position from convergence (both eyes adducted). These are disconjugate eye movements.

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12
Q

What is the annulus of zin?

A

Fibrous tissue surrounding optic nerve where extraocular muscles converge.

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13
Q

What is a yoke muscle?

A

The muscle in the opposite eye that accomplishes a given version. e.g. medial rectus in left eye and lateral rectus in right eye for dextroversion.

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14
Q

When the eye is in line with the front of the orbit (i.e. abducted by 23 degrees), which are the main elevators and depressors?

A

Superior and inferior rectus. When eye is adducted, these muscles are used in intorsion and extorsion, and the main elevators and depressors are superior and inferior oblique.

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15
Q

What are some characteristics of eye movements?

A

They reflect the task (e.g. flick between two points to determine relationship), the more information contained in an object, the longer the eyes stay on it, and there is voluntary and involuntary focus on information.

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16
Q

Saccades, smooth pursuit, fixation, and the vestibulo-ocular reflex are all examples of…?

A

Conjugate eye movements

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17
Q

What is a saccade?

A

A rapid, ballistic movement of the eye of short duration (15-100ms). Often followed by a catch up saccade to let information fall on fovea.

18
Q

Why is useful information not obtained during a saccade?

A

We are blind during saccades- visual information is ignored as it would just be a blur. This is called saccadic suppression. Useful information is obtained in the period of fixation following a saccade.

19
Q

What is the Troxler effect?

A

Fading of peripheral information during fixation. This is counteracted by microsaccades: ocular drifts to prevent fatigue of photoreceptors and keep image clear.

20
Q

In order to sample high quality information from a moving target/while we are moving, which eye movement is used?

A

Smooth pursuit. Predictions must be made about the target movements.

21
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

The interaction between muscles of the eye and the vestibular system. Information from vestibular organs signals to move eyes in opposite direction, allowing you to fixate on an object while your head moves.

22
Q

Optokinetic nystagmus is a combination of which two conjugate eye movements?

A

Smooth pursuit and saccade.

23
Q

What are disconjugate eye movements used for?

A

Approaching objects, and gauging distance.

24
Q

What is Sherrington’s Law?

A

Increased innervation to one muscle is accompanied by decreased innervation to its antagonist.

25
Q

According to Yarbus (1967), what do eye movements allow us to do?

A

Locate, direct, guide and check. This allows us to carry out actions towards and upon objects.

26
Q

What does this equation represent?

Posterior= (likelihood x prior) / marginal likelihood

A

Bayes Theorem.

27
Q

What is the Bayesian Brain Hypothesis?

A

The brain uses probabilities to make predictions about the world and survive in a noisy and uncertain environment.

28
Q

Who provided a formal and quantifiable definition of information, and what was it?

A

Claude Shannon:

H = - Σ p(x) log2[p(x)]

29
Q

Which of these is not true regarding logarithms?
A: They were first described by Shannon (1948)
B: They make large numbers more manageable
C: They replace multiplication of large numbers with addition of small ones
D: They make straight line graphs

A

A- Logarithms were first described by Napier.

30
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A

Weber’s (Fechner’s) law states that the just-noticable difference (subjective sensation) between two stimuli is proportional to the magnitude of the stimuli (logarithm of stimulus intensity).

31
Q

What qualities of the definition were essential for information theory?

A

Information had to be a continuous function, behave in a lawful manner, and provide the same total information regardless of how it is split.

32
Q

Which of these gives more information?
A: Revealing the result of rolling a fair six sided die
B: Revealing the result of a two-tailed coin toss
C: Revealing the result of a fair coin toss

A

A. When there are 2 possible outcomes, most information is given when probability is 0.5 (log2(0.5)=1). A coin with both sides tails means 0 bits of information are imparted as the probability of getting tails is 1. However, when there are more than 2 possible outcomes, there is increased uncertainty (decreased probability) and so more information can be gained.

33
Q

Who suggested that the development of the sensorimotor system was essential in order to develop higher cognitive abilities?

A

Piaget, e.g. learning numbers through physical interaction.

34
Q

Carmen suggests there are two systems in the human brain for cognition, a fast and a slow. What are these now considered to be related to/the same as?

A 
Fast= sensorimotor system (gut reactions, highly emotional and unconscious)
Slow= offline cognition (recently evolved, analytical and rational)
35
Q

What is Phylogeny?

A

Considering something within the history of our species.

36
Q

What is CAIT?

A

Cognition Action Interaction Theory- two systems in brain should be considered separately, but it must be understood that offline cognition is underpinned by sensorimotor system (as shown in evolution and suggested by Piaget) and they interact. (Embodied cognition)

37
Q

What is modified weak fusion?

A

MWF suggests that cues interact only by promoting each other to provide information to the system.

38
Q

What is the difference between strong and weak fusion?

A

Weak fusion said that averages of all cues (sources of information) are used to accurately represent the world, whereas strong fusion said that the nervous system selects the most probable interpretation.

39
Q 
Which of these is not a type of interneuron in the visual system?
A: amacrine
B: horizontal 
C: bipolar
D: apocrine
A

D: Apocrine.

40
Q

Which pathway responds better to colour change:
A: Magnocellular
B: Parvocellular

A

B: Parvocellular pathway responds well to colour change, high spatial frequency and luminance contrast, and low temporal frequency.

41
Q

How many layers of cells are in the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

6: 2 magnocellular and 4 parvocellular.

42
Q

What is another name for the striate cortex?

A

Primary Visual Cortex, V1, Occipital Cortex.

ACP (2 decks)

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