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Psychology 1A > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychophysics

A

Scientific method for investigation of relationships between physical stimuli and psychological experience /sensitivity to that stimulus

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2
Q

Synaethesia

A

The perceptual experience of one sense that is evoked by another sense

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3
Q

Modalities

A

Sensory brain regions that process different components of the perceptual world

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4
Q

Sensation

A

the subjective awareness of a stimulus; the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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5
Q

Perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information; enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events; helping us make sense of the world around us

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6
Q

Transduction

A

What takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into neural signals sent to the central nervous system

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus

the smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected in half the time

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8
Q

Just noticeable difference/difference threshold (JND)

A
  • minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected (to tell to stimulus apart)
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9
Q

Weber’s law

A

To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. (Light-8%, Weight-2%, Tones-3%)

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10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Our ability to notice a stimulus is varied due to psychological factors including motivation, past experience, and expectations.

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11
Q

D- prime (D’)

A

A statistic that gives a relatively pure measure of the observers sensitivity or ability to detect signals

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12
Q

Sensory adaption

A

Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current conditions

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13
Q

Visual acuity

A

Ability to see fine detail

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14
Q

Retina

A
  • Light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball

- 125 million photoreceptors

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15
Q

The eye

A
  • iris regulates the amount of light that enters the eye through the pupil
  • cornea and Lens focus the light on the retina
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16
Q

Cones

A
  • photoreceptors that detect colour, operate under normal daylight conditions and allow us to focus on fine detail
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17
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptors that become active only under low light conditions for night vision

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18
Q

Fovea

A

An area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all
Central focal point of the retina

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19
Q

Blind spot

A

An area of the retina that contains neither rods nor cones and therefore has no mechanism to sense light

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20
Q

Receptive field

A
  • the region of the sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron
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21
Q

Hubel & Wiesel

A

Single unit recording in cats and monkeys

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22
Q

bottom-up processing

A

analysis begins withe the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

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23
Q

top-down processing

A

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations

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24
Q

selective attention

A

The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

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25
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to see visible objects when our attention in directed elsewhere

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26
Q

change blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the environment/scenes, even when you appear to be attending to the information

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27
Q

choice blindness

A

the phenomenon of subjects not realizing that they had been given something that was not “their choice”

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28
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

the ability to attend to only one voice among many

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29
Q

subliminal

A

existing or operating below the threshold of consciousness

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30
Q

Brightness

A

the dimension of visual experience related to the amount (intensity) of light emitted from or reflected by an object

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31
Q

Cornea

A

Outer covering of the eye

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32
Q

Pupil

A

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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33
Q

Iris

A

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

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34
Q

Lens

A

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

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35
Q

Optic nerve

A

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

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36
Q

Cones

A

Visual receptors involved in color vision

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37
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay center of the brain

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38
Q

Visual cortex

A

Located in the occipital lobe, it is the part of the brain responsible for interpreting visual information

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39
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Part of the cerebral cortex that contains the visual cortex. One of the four major lobes. Located in the back of your head

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40
Q

Sensory adaption

A

The reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious

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41
Q

Sense receptors

A

Specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment or the the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain

42
Q

Synethesia

A

A condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes another

43
Q

Sensory deprivation

A

the absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation

44
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Neurons in the retina of the eye, which gather information from receptor cells; their axons make up the optic nerve

45
Q

Feature detectors

A

Cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment

46
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

a theory of color perception that proposes three mechanisms in the visual system, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths; their interaction is assumed to produce all the different experiences of hue

47
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

a theory of color perception that assumes that the visual system treats pairs of colors as opposing or antagonistic

48
Q

Gestalt principles

A

principles that describe the brain’s organization of sensory information into meaningful unites and patterns

49
Q

Proximity

A

a Gestalt principle that things that are near each other tend to be grouped together

50
Q

Closure

A

a Gestalt principle that the brain tends to fill in gaps in order to perceive complex forms

51
Q

Similarity

A

a Gestalt principle that things that are alike in some way tend to be perceived as belonging together

52
Q

Continuity

A

a Gestalt principle that lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time or space

53
Q

Binocular cues

A

visual clues to depth or distance requiring two eyes

54
Q

Convergence

A

the turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they focus on a nearby object

55
Q

Retinal disparity

A

the slight difference in lateral separation between tow objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye

56
Q

Monocular cues

A

visual cues to depth or distance, which can be used by one eye alone

57
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

the accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce

58
Q

Interposition

A

a monocular cue where an object that partly blocks another one must be in front of the other

59
Q

Motion parallex

A

a monocular cue where an observer is moving and objects appear to move at different speeds. the closer an object, the faster it moves

60
Q

Relative size

A

a monocular cue where the smaller an object is on the retina, the farther away the object appears

61
Q

Relative clarity

A

a monocular cue where because of particles in the air from dust, fog, or smog, distant objects tend to look hazier, dull, or less detailed

62
Q

Texture gradients

A

a monocular cue where distant parts of a uniform surface appear denser; that is its elements seem spaced more closely together

63
Q

Linear perspective

A

A monocular cue where parallel lines will appear to be converging in the distance; the greater the apparent convergence, the greater the perceived distance

64
Q

Pitch

A

determined by the wavelength of sound; high frequency = high ______; low frequency = low ______.

65
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

66
Q

Intensity (of sound)

A

Amount of energy in a wave; determined by the amplitude, relates to perceived loudness

67
Q

85 Decibels

A

Prolonged exposure to sound above _______ can lead to hearing loss

68
Q

Auditory canal

A

a part of the outer ear, it funnels sound waves to the ear drum

69
Q

Eardrum

A

a tight membrane of the middle ear that vibrates when struck by sound waves

70
Q

Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup

A

Three bones of the middle ear

71
Q

Oval window

A

where the stirrup connects to the cochlea

72
Q

Cochlea

A

Located in the inner ear; a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

73
Q

Hair cells

A

Located within the cochlea, the basilar membrane’s ________ are the sensory receptors of both the auditory and vestibular system

74
Q

Auditory nerve

A

nerve that is connected to the cochlea which sends the auditory message to the brain via the thalamus

75
Q

Place theory

A

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

76
Q

Frequency theory

A

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

77
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

78
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves

79
Q

Kinesthesis

A

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

80
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

81
Q

Semi- circular canals

A

connected to the cochlea, they contain fluid that moves when your head moves or tilts. Involved in kinesthesis

82
Q

Gustation

A

The sense of taste

83
Q

Papillae

A

The tiny bumps on your tongue that are lined with taste buds

84
Q

Taste buds

A

Line the papillae and house taste receptors

85
Q

Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Umami

A

The 5 Basic Tastes

86
Q

Sensory interaction

A

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

87
Q

Olfaction

A

The sense of smell

88
Q

4 basic skin senses

A

Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

89
Q

Phantom limb syndrome

A

the perception of sensations, including pain, in a limb that has been amputated

90
Q

ESP (Extra-sensory Perception)

A

perception occurring independently of sight, hearing, or other sensory processes. The scientific consensus does not view ______________ as a real phenomenon

91
Q

Parapsychology

A

a field of study concerned with the investigation of paranormal and psychic phenomena which include telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation, apparitional experiences, and other paranormal claims. It is often identified as pseudoscience

92
Q

Gate- control theory of pain

A

Theory that asserts that non-painful input closes neural pathways to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system.

93
Q

Pinna

A

The outer part of the ear. Also referred to as the auricle

94
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

the optical illusion of perceiving continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession

95
Q

Supertaster

A

a person who experiences the sense of taste with far greater intensity than average. Women are more likely to be ___________, as are those from Asia, South America and Africa.

96
Q

Priming

A

is an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus.

97
Q

Bipolar cells

A

is a type of neuron which has two extensions. __________ are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions.

98
Q

Negative afterimage

A

is a non-specific term that refers to an image continuing to appear in one’s vision after the exposure to the original image has ceased.

99
Q

Audition

A

The ability to hear

100
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

A

The top line looks longer than the bottom one

\________/
/ \

/_____\
\ /

101
Q

Perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Psychology 1A (3 decks)

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