Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psyc 351A midterm 1 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

signal detection theory

A

basic perceptual task is to determine if a stimulus is present or absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Signal detection theory outcomes

A

hit
miss
false alarm
correct rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hit

A

target present

respond ‘present’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

miss

A

target present

respond absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

false alarm

A

target absent

respond ‘present’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

correct rejection

A

target absent

respond ‘absent’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hit rate

A

= hits/hit + misses

accuracy when the target was there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

false alarm rate

A

= false alarms / false alarms + correct rejections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sensitivity

A

ability to discriminate signal from noise

- depends on distinctiveness and variability of internal responses (overlap distributions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bias

A

tendency to provided one answer over the other

  • say present or absent when you are unsure
  • depends on where the response criterion is
  • depends on how lopsided the evidence must be to say that the target is ‘present’ or ‘absent’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What you need to determine sensitivity and bias

A

hit rate and correct rejection

- need one number from the top and one from bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

signal detection theory graph

A

when target is present will get a large number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

response criterion

A
  • a line at some value and for any measurement above threshold say present for any below you will say absent
  • if you change your bias have to move your criterion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

medium sensitivity

A

overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

high sensitivity

A

very little overlap

measurement from target trial is much higher than a target absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

low sensitivity

A

huge amount of overlap
not good at telling if target is there or not
extreme case they would be perfectly overlaying each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

neutral bias

A

right in the middle where the 2 distributions cross over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

postiver bias

A

criterion is pushed up to a higher number

- closer to target present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

negative bias

A

criterion is pushed down to a lower number

  • closer to target absent
  • lots of hits, very few misses but will also get lots of false alarms and fewer correct rejections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sensitivity equation

A

d’ = Z (hit rate) - Z (false alarm rate)

  • d’ = distance between the 2 distributions in standardized coordinates
  • 0 = no discrimination, can’t tell distribution at all
  • larger value = better discrimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bias equation

A

C = - Z(hit rate) + Z(false alarm rate)/2

  • <0 bias from ‘present’
  • 0 no bias
  • > 0 bais for ‘absent’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

downward trend

A

hit rate and correct rejection rate get worse as noise increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

direct perception theories

A
  • bottom up processing
  • perception comes from stimuli in the environment
  • parts are identified and put together, and then recognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

constructive perception theories

A
  • top down processing

- people actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

bottom-up processing

A

recognition by components theory

  • irving biederman
  • perceive objects by perceiving elementary features
  • geons: 3 dimensiona volumes
  • objects are recognized when enough information is available to identify objects goons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

geons

A
  • discriminability (can be distinguished from other geons from all viewpoints)
  • resistance to visual noise (can be perceived in ‘noisy’ conditions
  • invariance (recognizable no matter the illumination direction, surface markings, and texture)
  • distinctiveness (36 different geons)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

principal of componential recovery

A

the key to object recognition is not the amount of information but the ability to identify its components (geons)
- found that objects with recoverable goons error rates were lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

multiple personalities of a blob

A

perceive the blob differently in different environments, not just the shape
bottom up theory
context matters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

top down processing

constructive perception

A
  • inferences based on context (surrounding elements of the visual scene)
  • guessing from experience (knowledge and expectations based on the past)
30
Q

perceiving size

A
  • perceived size is a function of both bottom-up and top down processing
  • bottom up (the size of the image on the retina)
  • top down (the perceived distance of the object & the size of the object relate e to other objects in the environment)
31
Q

distal stimulus

A

the thing we are looking at out in the world

32
Q

proximal stimulus

A

the light/sound landing on our eye/ear drum

33
Q

percept

A

what we perceive, not a physical thing out in the world but a mental thing

34
Q

job of perception

A

infer the distal stimulus given only the proximal stimulus

35
Q

Helmholtz theory if unconscious inference

A
  • top down theory
  • our perceptions result from unconscious assumptions we make about the environment (use knowledge to inform our perceptions)
  • we infer much of what we know about the world
  • likelihood principle
36
Q

likelihood principle

A

we perceive the world in the way that is ‘most likely’ based on our past experiences

37
Q

gestalt psychology

A
  • the mind groups patterns according to laws of perceptual organization
  • these ‘laws’ are heuristics based on what usually happens in the environment
  • built in nature of there laws
38
Q

heuristic

A

= rule of thumb

  • provides best guess solution to a problem
  • fast
  • often correct
39
Q

Apparent motion

A

‘the whole is greater than the sum of its part’

perceive that the 2 lights flashing are seen more as a single light jumping back and fourth from the 2 locations

40
Q

law of good continuation

A

lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

- all things being equal lines continue on a straight path

41
Q

law of good figure (simplicity)

A

every stimulus pattern is seen to the resulting structure is as simple as possible
- olympic rings (5 interlocked rings or a bunch of odd shapes beside each other)

42
Q

law of similarity

A

similar things appear grouped together

- one big unified group vs lines

43
Q

law of proximity

A

nearby objects appear grouped together

- one big group vs separate sets

44
Q

law of closure

A

separate elements will tend to be grouped to form closed figures
- circle vs box

45
Q

law of familiarity

A

things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful

46
Q

gestalt laws of perceptual organization

A 
law of good continuation
law of good figure
law of similarity 
law of proximity
law of closure
law of familiarity
47
Q

physical regularities

A
  • oblique effect

- light from above assumption

48
Q

oblique effect

A

people can perceive verticals and horizontals more easily then other orientations

49
Q

light from above assumption

A

light casts shadows from above, providing specific information about depth and distance
- use shadows as depth cues

50
Q

semantic regularities

A
  • scene schema
    the knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains (doctors vs lawyers office)
    meaning & context
51
Q

bayesian inference

A

your conclusions should depend on both your prior beliefs and the current evidence

52
Q

bayes’ theorem

A

P(H) x P(E|H)/P(E) = P(H|E)

53
Q

H

A

hypothesis

54
Q

E

A

evidence (the observation)

55
Q

P(H)

A

prior probability (how likely is hypothesis h before considering the evidence)

56
Q

P(E|H)/P(E)

A

likelihood (how likely is the evidence e given the hypothesis h, compared to how likely the evidence e is overall

57
Q

P(H|E)

A

posterior probability

- how likely is hypothesis h given the evidence E

58
Q

ungerleider & mishkin

A

lesion in anterior temporal lobe region
- perform poorly in object discrimination and good in landmark discrimination
lesion in posterior partial lobe
- good in object discrimination and poor in landmark discrimination

59
Q

single dissociation

A

single - one type of damage

dissociation - performance differs across 2 tasks

60
Q

double dissociation

A

made of 2 single dissociations

  • double = 2 types of damage
  • dislocation = performance differs across 2 tasks
  • gives strong evidence that different brain areas are involved in processing for those 2 tasks
61
Q

what pathway

A
  • identify objects and why we might use them
  • temporal lobe
  • ventral pathway
  • occipital to temporal
  • vision for perception
  • v4: color processing
62
Q

where/how pathway

A
  • where that thing is in the world and who we interact with it
  • parietal lobe
  • dorsal pathway
  • occipital to parietal
  • vision for action
  • v5: motion processing
63
Q

‘what’ vs ‘where’ in humans

A

patient D.F.

  • damage what
  • bad at match orientation
  • good at putting mail card in slot

balints syndrome

  • damage where
  • good match orientation
  • bad at putting mail card in slot
64
Q

Balint’s Syndrome

A
  • disorder of space exploration and space cognition
  • a cluster of co-occuring visuomotor & visuospatial disturbances
  • results from bilateral posterior partial damage (dorsal stream)
65
Q

Ebbinghaus illusion

A

perceptually different
physically identical

  • people will say that they are different size but they are same
66
Q

“reverse” Ebbinghaus illusion

A

perceptually identical
physically different

  • will say same but they are different
  • in order to make identical have to make one larger
  • grasping action reflects actual size
67
Q

ponzo illusion display

A

bar on right false appears longer than bar on left

  • effects the ‘what’ stream
  • bar on right is actually shorter
  • control display (no illusive context) shows bar on right correctly appearing shorter
  • perceptual estimation reflects apparent length
  • grasping action reflects actual length
68
Q

action facilitates perception

A

moving can change our point of view, which can aid our perception
- ex: disambiguating a degenerate view of an object

69
Q

perception facilitates action

A

perception informs us of
- what to act on (perceive cup)
- how to act on it (reach for cup)
during performance of actions, perception
- provides feedback on progress and success (grasp for cup)

70
Q

affordances

A

possible actions an individual perceives as being available due to an object

71
Q

when we look at an object

A
  • perceive its physical features (colour, size, shape..)
  • perceives its affordances for action
  • these affordances can then influence our actions whether it is beneficial or not

psyc 351A midterm 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions