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psyc 351A midterm 1 > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A
  • the study of the soul & mind

- the science of mental processes and behaviour

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2
Q

Cognition

A

mental functions pertaining to the action of process of knowing

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3
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the scientific study of how people perceive, learn, remember, think about, and act on information

  • rejects introspection as a primary tool
  • accepts the existence of internal mental states
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4
Q

plato

A

rationalism

  • first approach
  • reality lies in the abstract idea of objects that exist in our minds
  • truth through reason
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5
Q

aristotle

A

empiricism

  • reality lies only in the concrete world of objects that our bodies sense
  • truth through observing
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6
Q

Descartes

A

dualism

  • mind is immaterial (irrelevant)
  • brain is physical
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7
Q

Donders

A

first scientific psychologist

mental chronometry
- measuring how long a cognitive process takes

reaction-time experiment
-measures interval between stimulus presentation and person response to stimulus

mental responses cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from the participants behavior

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8
Q

simple RT task

A

participant pushes a button quickly after a light appears

measurement of how long it takes to respond to a single stimuli

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9
Q

choice RT task

A

participant pushes one button if light is on right side, another if light is on left side
measurement of how long it takes to react to one of multiple stimuli

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10
Q

subtraction method

A

choice RT - simple RT = time to make a decision

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11
Q

how much longer for choice RT than simple RT

A

0.1 seconds (100 millisecond)

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12
Q

assumption of serial stages

A

processing stages occur one after another, not in parallel

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13
Q

assumption of pure insertion

A

adding an additional stage does not change the length of the other stages

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14
Q

Ebbinghaus

A
  • savings curve method for studying forgetting
  • the quantitative measurement of mental processes (info we can store in our mind & how long things stick around)
  • mental contents cannot always be measured directly but can be inferred from the participants behaviour
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15
Q

savings method

A

savings = [initial reps - relearning reps] / initial reps

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16
Q

Wundt

A

First psychology laboratory
Approach: Structuralism
- experience is determined by combing elements of experience called sensations
Method: Analytic introspection
- participants trained to describe experience and thought processes in response to stimuli

17
Q

William James

A

Wrote the first psychology textbook - principles of psychology
based on introspection

18
Q

John Watson

A

Behaviorist

  • wanted to eliminate the mind as s topic and study directly observable behaviour
  • pavlov’s dog
  • thought introspection had extremely variable results from person to person and that they are difficult to verify
19
Q

Pavlov’s dog

A 
unconditional stimulus - food
unconditional response - salvation 
neutral stimulus - bell 
conditional stimulus - bell 
conditional response - salvation
20
Q

Little Albert

A

classical conditioning of fear
9-m old became frightened by a rat after a loud noise was paired with every presentation of the rat
rat is - unconditional response

21
Q

B.F. Skiner

A

operant conditioning
- shape behaviour by rewards or punishment
- behaviour that is reward is repeated & punished is less likely
radical behaviourism (verbal behaviour)
- children learn language through operant conditioning (imitate speech they hear & correct speech is rewarded)

22
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

children do not only learn language through imitation and reinforcement

  • they say things they have never heard and not be imitating
  • say things that are incorrect and have not been rewarded for
  • language must be determined by inborn biological program
23
Q

Tolman

A

trained rats to find for in a 4-armed maze
2 interpretations
1. behaviourism predicts that the rats learn ed to ‘turn right to find food’
2. the rats had created a cognitive map of the maze and were navigating to a specific arm

when flipped the maze the rats went to the specific arm where they previously found food
- supported dolmens interpretation and not behaviourist

24
Q

Cognitive Revolution

A

digital computer

  • theory of computation
  • information theory
  • computer science
  • artificial intelligence
25
Q

cognitivism

A

mental functions can be explained by the use of experiments following the scientific method
- cognition consists of the internal mental states whose manipulation can be described in terms of algorithms

26
Q

Behavioural Methods

A
  • naturalistic observations
  • case studies
  • correlational studies
  • self-reports
  • controlled laboratory experiments
27
Q

behavioural methods strength & weaknesses

A
  • generalizability (findings applicable across populations
  • ecological validity (relevant to real word)
  • experimental control (cause and effect)
  • observer effect (presence of researcher)
  • observer bias (researcher acting as neutral)
28
Q

naturalistic observation

A
  • observing participants in real-life settings without manipulation by the researcher
  • strengths = high ecological validity
  • weakness = no experimental control, potential for an observer effect/observer bias
  • rarely used
29
Q

case studies

A
  • detailed analysis of one or a small group of participants
  • strengths = highly detailed analysis of rare conditions
  • weaknesses = observation can be subjective and biased, hard to generalize to the population
  • occasionally used
30
Q

correlational studies

A
  • measure multiple variables and analyze them for relationships between them
  • strengths = can look at variables that can’t be manipulated, good ecological validity
  • weakness = no experimental control
    occasionally used
31
Q

self reports

A

participants report on themselves using tools such as surveys, interviews, and verbal reports

  • strengths = large samples generalize well to the population, can look at variables that can’t be manipulated
  • weakness = no experimental control, potential for observer bias and social desirability bias can distort findings
32
Q

controlled laboratory experiments

A
  • carefully controlled tasks with independent and dependent variables
  • strengths = experimental control
  • weakness = poor ecological validity, can e hard to generalize to the population, observer effects
  • frequently used
33
Q

which method has the best ecological validity

A

naturalistic observation

34
Q

computational models

A

provide quantitive specifications of theories and explore ideas about the nature of cognition

  • make specific predictions
  • test non-intuitive ideas
  • understand our assumptions and realize what we are overlooking
  • formal language of psyc
35
Q

types of computational models

A 
mathematical 
symbolic (if then)
connectionist 
reinforcement
biological
dynamic (enters & exits in diff ways)
bayesian (stats)
36
Q

variability within each participant

A
  • Practice effects, 1 or 2 reaction times could be explained for the being the first few trials
  • Distractions, attentional effects
  • Random error
  • How quickly after you press the button down does the machine detect that
37
Q

variability between participants

A
  • Different equipment (mouse, keyboard, touch)
  • Different environments
  • Different times of day, levels of alertness
  • Eyesight, bad vs good
  • How big your screen is, changes size of circle
  • Motor skills, how quickly they can respond
  • Computer games vs people who don’t use a computer
  • Genetic factors

psyc 351A midterm 1 (3 decks)

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