Perception

Question 1

Gregory’s theory?

Answer 1

Constructivist. He believes sensation and perception are very different things. He believes perception is a construction using schemas, past experience and your sensation and building this to make an inference of something you sense

Question 2

Gibson’s theory?

Answer 2

Direct. He determines no difference between sensation and perception. He believes you get all the information needed to perceive something with senses only.

Question 3

What is sensation?

Answer 3

Sensation is detected by sense receptors and allows us to experience the world around us: 5 senses(hear, touch, taste, sound, sight)

Question 4

What is perception?

Answer 4

Perception is the way you process and make sense of your senses. You interpret sensory information using past knowledge.

Question 5

Difference between sensation and perception?

Answer 5

Sensation is how we detect stimulus in the environment, the ‘feeling’. Perception is how we interpret it, the ‘thinking’ part.

Question 6

What are the two theories of perception?

Answer 6

Gregory’s constructivist and Gibson’s direct

Question 7

Ponzo illusion explained?

Answer 7

Misinterpreted depth cue

The vertical lines that come in make the top horizontal line look longer than the bottom.

Question 8

Muller-Lyer illusion explained?

Answer 8

Misinterpreted depth cue

Fins going outward make the line appear longer, fins facing inward make the line appear shorter

Question 9

Rubin’s vase explained?

Answer 9

Ambiguous figure

Can be seen as two faces or a vase, brain switches between the two images

Question 10

Ames room explained?

Answer 10

Misinterpreted depth cue

Room is a trapezoid shape, making it appear as if one person is a giant whilst the other is very small

Question 11

Binocular depth cues?

Answer 11

Retinal disparity, convergence

Question 12

Retinal disparity?

Answer 12

Each eye is a few cm apart so each eye gets a slightly different view of the world. The closer the object, the bigger the difference of the two images, the further away the object, the more similar the two images will be.

Question 13

Convergence?

Answer 13

When an object is closer our eyes come together. When an object is further away , our eyes are more straight when looking at it. When your eyes go in to look at something closer, the muscles have to work harder. This muscle information provides our brain with information about depth of what we’re looking at.

Question 14

Monocular depth cues?

Answer 14

Height in plane, occlusion, relative size, linear perspective

Question 15

Height in plane?

Answer 15

When something is further away it appears to be higher up than things that are closer. Our brain interprets depth using this.

Question 16

Relative size?

Answer 16

Things further away seem smaller and things closer up seem bigger. By our brain knows their real size so interprets depth using this.

Question 17

Occlusion?

Answer 17

Things further away get obscured by closer objects. The brain interprets depth through this.

Question 18

Linear perspective?

Answer 18

Parallel lines appear to get closer in the distance.

Question 19

Size constancy?

Answer 19

Size constancy is when an object appears smaller further away but our brain knows it’s size stays constant.

Question 20

Gibson’s direct theory?

Answer 20

Gibson says sensation gives us all the information we need to perceive and that sensation and perception are the same. We do not need past experience to put things together to make sense of our sensations and perceive.

Question 21

Gibson’s direct theory: optic flow patterns

Answer 21

When we move, the point we are moving towards stays stationary while the rest of the view seems to rush away from it. These optic flow patterns detect depth, movement etc.

Question 22

Gibson’s theory: motion parallax

Answer 22

He said motion parallax is another depth cue, when in the car, things further away seem to be moving slower but when you move past it it seems to be moving much faster.

Question 23

Gibson’s direct theory evaluation?

Answer 23

S-Gibson’s theory developed through real life things like pilots in ww2, helps us understand things like depth, speed
W-Struggles to explain perceptual error
S-backed up with research into infants, reluctant to crawl off fake cliff

Question 24

Gregory’s theory evaluations?

Answer 24

S-supporting research into cultural differences in perceptual set
W-helps understand visual illusions but those aren’t useful in understanding perception in everyday life
W-can’t explain examples of innate perception

Question 25

Factors affecting perception?

Answer 25

Culture, emotion, expectation, motivation

Question 26

Gilchrist and Nesbergs aims?

Answer 26

Aimed to find out the effect food deprivation would have on perception of food related pictures. Would they appear brighter?

Question 27

Gilchrist and Nesbergs study?

Answer 27

26 undergraduates volunteered to go without food for 20 hours. There was a control group not deprived of food, they were randomly allocated to conditions. Shown 4 slides of different meals for 15 seconds. They had to adjust the brightness of a dimmer version of the pictures to match the picture they had seen

Question 28

Gilchrist and Nesbergs results?

Answer 28

The group that was food deprived adjusted the brightness higher than the control group. They suggested the food was brighter than the real picture, the same effect didn’t occur with the control group.

Question 29

Gilchrist and Nesberg conclusions?

Answer 29

Suggest hunger is a motivating factor that effects perception. Heightens sensitivity to food and effects perceptual set.

Question 30

Gilchrist and Nesbergs evaluations?

Answer 30

S-similar studies found similar results
W-ethical issues
W-not like everyday life

Question 31

Bruner and minturns study aims?

Answer 31

Aimed to find out if the context of a stimulus was perceived differently depending on the context it is presented in

Question 32

Bruner and Minturns method?

Answer 32

Independent groups design, shown the same stimulus which can be read ‘13’ or ‘B’. Shown in either sequence abc or 12 13 14. Participants had to draw what they saw.

Question 33

Bruner and minturns results?

Answer 33

If presented in letters, more likely to view as B. If presented in number sequence, more likely to be viewed as 13.

Question 34

Bruner and Minturns conclusions?

Answer 34

Expectation has an important influence on perception. Context affects perception.

Question 35

Bruner and Minturns evaluations?

Answer 35

W-artificial task
W-independent groups design
S-explains why people make perceptual errors