Perception

Question 1

Ames room explained

Answer 1

Real shape of the room produces the same projection on the rectangle as the retina. Manipulates the viewer’s depth perception, the room is shaped like a trapezoid with the backwall shorted than the front wall, and the ceiling and the floor are angled. So from the front it appears to be a normal rectangular shape

Question 2

McGurk effect

Answer 2

Illusion occurs becuase what you are seeing clashes with what you are hearing. Mouth movements we see as we look at a face can actually influence what we are hearing.

Question 3

The visual system

Answer 3

Information processing starts immediately in the eye

Question 4

Example of early processing

Answer 4

Grey strip in the middle is the same shade throughout but looks much lighter on the left becuase it is next to a darker shade, and much darker on the right since it is next to a lighter shade

Question 5

Parallel processing of information:

Answer 5

Cells sensitive to different visual features, e.g., orientation or direction of movement. These project into different areas of the visual cortex and beyond happens all at once

Question 6

Akinestopsia:

Answer 6

Inability to percieve motion, results from damage to MT and MST part of the dorsal pathway. Contrast with visual agnosia resulting from damage to the ventral pathway e.g., will see a car coming towards them but cant see its gradual movement all of a sudden its right in front of them.

Question 7

Binding features:

Answer 7

Parallel processing of information means we have to put it all back together, requires attention to know what goes with what

Question 8

Bottom-up processing

Answer 8

Based on features

Question 9

Top-down processing

Answer 9

Based on expectations, suggested we don’t just see what is there.

Question 10

Necker cube illusion explained

Answer 10

Experience the cube in two distinct ways. 1. front face of the cube below and to the left of the back face of the cube, 2. with the front face of the cube above and to the right of the back face of the cube. Ones experience seems to “flip” from being as of a cube pointing down and left to a cube pointing up and to the right

Question 11

Rubin’s vase explained

Answer 11

can be seen as either a vase or faces looking at each other with a white background. An example of how figures pr images change depending on viewpoint, perspective, background or in short context. If the context is white pixels, a vase will be seen, if the context is black pixels two opposed faces will be seen.

Question 12

Gestalt principles:

Answer 12

How we process “the whole” rather than just features. Influenced by our expectations based on: Proximity, similarity, closure, continuation, simplicity, common fate.

Question 13

Proximity

Answer 13

If the distance between the circles are closer it looks like they are in rows rather than columns

Question 14

Similarity

Answer 14

All circles are equidistance from neighbours in rows more clearly when they are coloured

Question 15

Conflict: bistality

Answer 15

Rows if focus on proximity of the circles, columns if focus on (similarity) colour

Question 16

Closure:

Answer 16

Infer that the lines continue even though we can only see part of the circle/triangle, the stimulus is seen as a whole even though there is a clear gap in it

Question 17

Continuation:

Answer 17

Percieve that the lines continue even though we can only see part of the line. Koffka rings 2 half’s different shades of grey , but they are actually the same, the difference is because of the context the grey on the black rectangle looks much lighter than the grey on the white rectangle. However, when the two circles are together the difference in colour shades cant be seen

Question 18

How our perceptual system makes inferences:

Answer 18

By going beyond the input, this leads to illusions based on top down processing. Some powerful illusions involve size and distance.

Question 19

Depth perception: What are binocular cues?

Answer 19

Retinal disparity- the difference between the input to each eye

Question 20

Depth perception: What are monocular cues>

Answer 20

Occlusion, texture, lighting to one eye

Question 21

Occlusion?

Answer 21

Objects in front of one another, the one in front seems closer but this is not the case

Question 22

Texture gradient

Answer 22

Objects that are farther away or extend farter away from us such as a cornfield will appear to have a finer, smoother texture the farther out it is.

Question 23

Lighting

Answer 23

light generally comes from above if something comes towards you light will be at the top with a shadow at the bottom

Question 24

Size

Answer 24

If an object is bigger it looks like it is closer than the object that is much smaller

Question 25

Size and Distance:

Answer 25

for the same-size objects, retinal image size is inversely proportional to distance. Equal retinal image sizes at different distances are perceived as different sizes.

Question 26

Indirect perception

Answer 26

we make guesses about the real world based on available information

Question 28

Direct perception

Answer 28

There is normally enough information for accurate perception:- illusions are artificial, doesn’t tell us much about the real world