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Mind, Brain & Behaviour > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Where individual elements of a stimulus are analysed and then combined to form a unified perception

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2
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

Where sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas and expectations

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3
Q

Give examples of times the brain uses mostly top-down processing?

A

Dreams
Hallucinations

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4
Q

What was the Gestalt movement interested in?

A

How we organise the parts of the perceptual field into a unified and meaningful whole

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5
Q

What did the Gestalt movement believe the goal of perception was?

A

To recognise objects in the environment according to the organisation of their elements

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6
Q

What is the Gestalt principle?

A

That the whole is more than and different from the sum of its parts

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7
Q

What are figure-ground relations?

A

Our tendency to organise stimuli into a central or foreground figure and a background

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8
Q

What is the law of similarity?

A

Similar elements will be perceived as belonging together

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9
Q

What is the law of proximity?

A

Elements that are near each other are likely to be perceived as part of the same configuration

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10
Q

What is the law of closure?

A

People tend to fill in gaps in incomplete figures

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11
Q

What is the law of continuity?

A

People link individual elements together to form a pattern that makes sense

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12
Q

What is a perceptual schema?

A

A mental representation or image containing the critical and distinctive features of a person, object, event, or other perceptual phenomenon

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13
Q

What is the purpose of perceptual schema?

A

They provide mental templates that allow us to identify and classify sensory input

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14
Q

What is a perceptual set?

A

A readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way

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15
Q

What are perceptual constancies?

A

They allow us to recognise familiar stimuli under varying conditions

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16
Q

What are the three perceptual constancies?

A

Shape constancy
Lightness constancy
Size constancy

17
Q

What is shape constancy?

A

It allows us to recognise people and other objects from many different angles

18
Q

What is lightness constancy?

A

The relative brightness of objects remains the same under different conditions of illumination

19
Q

What is size constancy?

A

The size of objects remains relatively constant even though images on our retina change in size with variations in distance

20
Q

What is depth perception?

A

It requires that we perceive the distance of objects in the environment from us and from each other

21
Q

What are the two depth perception cues?

A

Monocular cues
Binocular cues

22
Q

What are monocular cues?

A

Depth perception cues that require only one eye

23
Q

What are the different monocular cues?

A

Patterns of light and shadow
Linear perspective
Texture and clarity
Height in the horizontal plane
Relative size
Motion parallax

24
Q

How do patterns of light and shadow act as depth perception cues?

A

They tell us whether things are sticking outwards or inwards

25
Q

How does linear perspective act as a depth perception cue?

A

Parallel lines converge in the distance

26
Q

How do texture and clarity act as depth perception cues?

A

Clear objects are judged to be closer than hazy objects
Gradients are smoother when further away, and more obvious when closer

27
Q

How does height in the horizontal plane act as a depth perception cue?

A

Objects that are closer to the horizon are further away

28
Q

How does relative size act as a depth perception cue?

A

With objects of a similar size, the one that looks smaller is judged to be farther away

29
Q

How does motion parallax act as a depth perception cue?

A

If we are moving, nearby objects appear to move faster than faraway ones

30
Q

What are binocular cues?

A

Depth perception cues that require both eyes

31
Q

What are the different binocular cues?

A

Binocular disparity
Convergence

32
Q

How does binocular disparity act as a depth perception cue?

A

Each eye sees a slightly different image - both are sent to feature detectors which are sensitive to this, causing the neurons to fire more quickly, allowing the brain to identify depth

33
Q

How does convergence act as a depth perception cue?

A

This is produced by feedback from the muscles that turn your eyes inward to view a close object - the brain can tell the depth of an object based on the level of convergence on it

34
Q

What is the limit of convergence?

A

It only works as a depth perception cue for objects at arm’s length or closer, since the eyes cannot turn outwards

Mind, Brain & Behaviour (17 decks)

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