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Psychology 2B HA > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What can sound be defined as?

A

It can be defined as waves of changing pressure travelling through air

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2
Q

What is a pure tone?

A

It has an amplitude and a frequency

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3
Q

In a pure tone, what is equivalent to frequency?

A

Perceived pitch

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4
Q

What are natural sounds?

A

Consist of pure tones of many frequencies added together e.g., voice

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5
Q

What is an amplitude?

A

the maximum air pressure in each cycle

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6
Q

What is frequency?

A

the number of cycles of changing air pressure per second

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7
Q

What do we measure frequency in?

A

We measure it as hertz

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8
Q

What are the two physical properties of sound?

A

frequency and amplitude

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9
Q

What happens when amplitude is increased 10 times?

A

Loudness increases approximately 4 times

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10
Q

Where does sound come along?

A

Sound comes along the auditory canal to the ear drum

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11
Q

What does sound influence?

A

Sound influences the eardrum

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12
Q

What is the eardrum connected to?

A

It is connected to three small bones:

malleus, incus &stapes

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13
Q

What does the cochlea have connections to?

A

Connected to the auditory nerve

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14
Q

If you were to unroll the cochlea, what would you see?

A

the basilar membrane

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15
Q

What does the basilar membrane have?

A

The basilar membrane has a lot of mini hairs on it

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16
Q

What does each part of the basilar membrane vibrate to?

A

It vibrates to a particular frequency

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17
Q

What does the basilar membrane do?

A

It bends and contorts dependent upon the frequency of the sound

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18
Q

What does the basilar membrane hairs do?

A

They fire depending upon the frequency and amplitude

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19
Q

What is the basilar membrane at the base also known as?

A

It is also known as oval window

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20
Q

What does the basilar membrane at the base respond to?

A

It responds to high frequency sounds

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21
Q

What does the basilar membrane at the tip respond to?

A

It responds to low frequency sounds

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22
Q

What is the basilar membrane at the tip also known as?

A

It is also known as the apex

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23
Q

What does the basilar membrane in the middle respond to?

A

It responds to medium frequency sounds

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24
Q

What are hair cells?

A

They are mechanoreceptors; they are sensory instruments that allow us to perceive the physical properties of sound as perceptual ones

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25
Q

What do hair cells send?

A

They send electrical signals to the brain through the auditory nerve

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26
Q

What does each hair cell signal?

A

Each hair signals the amplitude of one narrow range of frequencies in the sound

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27
Q

What is the perception of loudness based on?

A

The perception of loudness is based on the firing rate of the hair cells

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28
Q

What are the 3 physical dimensions of sound?

A
  1. frequency
  2. amplitude
  3. complexity
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29
Q

What does frequency correspond to?

A

Corresponds to our perception of pitch

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30
Q

What does amplitude correspond to?

A

Corresponds to our perception of loudness

31
Q

What does complexity correspond to?

A

Corresponds to our perception of timbre

32
Q

What is fundamental frequency?

A

It is the lowest-frequency component of the sound

33
Q

What is a masking sound?

A

It is a sound with the intention to cover up the human detection of the other sounds

34
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

It is the point in which on 50% of trials you do not detect things below it

35
Q

What are examples of a masking sound?

A

coughing to mask sound of a fart or turning the tap on to hide the sound of you peeing

36
Q

Signals from gustatory receptors in the mouth are integrated with signals from 4 other receptor types, what are they?

A

1- olfactory receptors

  1. light receptors
  2. touch receptors
  3. sound receptors
37
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

It is the ability to see fine detail

38
Q

What is visible light?

A

Portion of electromagnetic spectrum seen

39
Q

What is the retina composed of?

A

It is composed of photoreceptor cells, the rods, and cones, beneath a layer of transparent neurons, the bipolar and retinal ganglion cells

40
Q

What is the fovea?

A

It is the small dip in the retina

41
Q

What is the fovea responsible for?

A

It is the area responsible for high acuity vision

42
Q

What is the fovea made of?

A

It is made entirely of cones

43
Q

What happens at the optic chiasm?

A

Information at the right visual field travels along the pathway on the left hemisphere whereas information on the left visual field travels along the pathway on the right hemisphere

44
Q

Where do visual signals relay to?

A

They relay to primary visual cortex via the lateral geniculate nucleus

45
Q

How do the axons on the retinal ganglion cell leave the eye?

A

Via the optic nerve

46
Q

Where do the long nerve axons travel to?

A

The long nerve axons travel all the way to the midbrain structure called the thalamus and relay within the LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus). This is the first synapse

47
Q

After travelling to the first synapse, where do long axons travel to?

A

The long axons fan out travelling subcortically under the temporal and parietal lobes of the brain to the occipital cortex, where they terminate in the occipital lobe. They key recombination of information takes place at this point.

48
Q

What are the two visual systems?

A
  1. ventral stream

2. dorsal stream

49
Q

Where is the ventral stream?

A

Heading to the inferior temporal lobe

50
Q

What is the ventral stream used for?

A

This is used to identify things, people, objects

51
Q

Where is the dorsal stream?

A

Coming from primary visual cortext heading to the superior parietal lobe

52
Q

What happens at the dorsal stream?

A

This is where the visual info is used to control movement

53
Q

What is visual perception about?

A

Visual perception is about transforming the patterns of light that enter our eyes into some kind of representation of the world that helps us recognize and interact with the objects and people around us

54
Q

What does the fusiform face area respond to?

A

It responds to faces more than other subjects

55
Q

What does the parahippocampal face area respond to

?

A

It responds preferentially to places, such as pictures of houses

56
Q

What is the extrastriate body area specifically involved in?

A

Specifically involved in the perception of body parts

57
Q

What is change blindness?

A

It is when an observer fails to notice a large change to objects or scenes and this typically occurs after there has been some visual disruption

58
Q

What does change blindness demonstrations show us?

A

It show us that our internal representation of the outside world is not as rich as our experience of seeing would indicate

59
Q

What is external attention?

A

attending to stimuli in the world

60
Q

What is internal attention?

A

attending to one line of thought over another or selecting one response over another

61
Q

What is overt attention?

A

directing as sense organ toward a stimulus like pointing your eyes or turning your head

62
Q

What is covert attention?

A

attending without giving an outward sign you are doing so

63
Q

What is divert attention?

A

splitting attention between two different stimuli

64
Q

What is sustained attention?

A

continuously monitoring some stimulus

65
Q

What is visual attention?

A

the selection of some visual stimulus or set of visual stimulus at the expense of others for further visual and cognitive analysis and often for the control of behaviour

66
Q

What is space based theory?

A
  • Attention is like a spotlight which moves about and allows us to selectively attend to parts of the visual world
67
Q

What is the efficiency of visual search measured in?

A

Measured in terms of search slope or ms/item

68
Q

What is the efficiency of visual search?

A

It is the average increase in RT for each item to the display

69
Q

What is the binding problem?

A
  • The challenge of trying different attributes of visual stimuli, which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so we perceive a unified object e.g., a vertical red bar moving to the right
70
Q

What is illusory conjunction?

A

An erroneous combination of 2 features in a visual scene e.g., seeing a red X when the display contains red letters and Xs but no red Xs

71
Q

What do illusory conjunctions provide evidence of?

A

provide evidence that some features are represented independently and must be correctly bound together with attention

72
Q

What is scene-based guidance?

A

It is information in our understanding of scenes that helps us find specific objects in scenes e.g., a mug or bowl will typically be found on a horizontal surface and a picture will typically be found on a vertical surface

73
Q

What does cognitive ethology advocate?

A

It advocates the studying of behaviour under realistic conditions

Psychology 2B HA (5 decks)

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