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PSY270: Cognitive Psychology > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sensation?

A

The external stimuli that our sensory organs perceive.

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

The process by which the brain interprets the sensory stimuli and represents them so that we may understand and act upon them.

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3
Q

Define agnosia.

A

A general deficit in recognition despite normal vision.

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4
Q

Define apperceptive agnosia.

A

An inability to name, match or discriminate visually presented objects. These people would not be able to combine basic visual information and would thus not be able to copy images.

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5
Q

Define associative agnosia.

A

A deficit in attributing a meaning to a visual pattern. They can combine features and copy images, but they cannot identify what they drew.

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6
Q

What are the three steps in perception?

A
  1. Input/sensation
  2. Assembly of basic visual components
  3. Meaning is linked to visual input.
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7
Q

What is the experience error?

A

It is the false assumption that reality is as we sense it.

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8
Q

What is the inverse projection problem?

A

This is the problem that occurs because our retina transforms 3D objects into 2D images. Meaning that given a retinoidal image of an object, there are an infinite amount of physical orientations that object can have.

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9
Q

What type of motion do our eyes follow? What type of eye motion is observed when we watch a moving thing?

A

Fixation-saccade cycles. Smooth-pursuit.

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10
Q

What are computational theories of cognition?

A

These are concerned with how the brain represents and interprets distal stimuli.

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11
Q

What is the Gestalt approach?

A

This approach uses organizational principles to create meaningful perceptions of the environment.

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12
Q

What is the perception/action approach?

A

Assumes that the goal of perception is to help determine action.

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13
Q

Define bottom-up processing.

A

When we perceive based on analysis of sensory input.

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14
Q

Define top-down processing.

A

When we perceive based on prior knowledge or experience.

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15
Q

What is the template matching theory?

A

We have a mental stencil for each item and we compare each point of the current object to the template.

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16
Q

What is the feature matching theory?

A

We have a system for analyzing each distinct feature of a visual item.

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17
Q

What theory do feature detector neurons support and why?

A

The feature matching theory. There are neurons/groups of neurons that fire only when we see Simon Cowell.

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18
Q

What is the geon theory?

A

All objects are composed of 36 different viewpoint invariant geons with nonaccidental properties that can combine in any combination to form an object.

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19
Q

Name all of the non-accidental properties and what they mean (if necessary).

A
  1. Parallelism: parallel lines
  2. Curvilinearity: curve in object
  3. Cotermination: two lines join at the apex
  4. Symmetry: object is symmetrical
  5. Collinearity: object looks like they have properties that are going the same direction
20
Q

What is a canonical viewpoint?

A

A viewpoint we are used to seeing.

21
Q

What is some of the greatest support of top-down theories of processing?

A

Optical illusions.

22
Q

What are the four laws of Gestalt psychology?

A
  1. Law of Proximity
  2. Law of Similarity
  3. Law of Common Region
  4. Role of Experience (top-down)
23
Q

What is the ambient optic array? How does the observer perceive within it?

A

The structure imposed on light by the environment. The observer perceives by moving which activates optic flow.

24
Q

What did Gibson say is the goal of perception?

A

To provide the observer with information about the affordances of the item they are perceiving.

25
Q

What are two contradicting experiments that show that perception and action are both interdependent and independent?

A
  1. Golf in hole study

2. Reaching for hole study.

26
Q

What are the two anatomical pathways for object recognition?

A
  1. Ventral Temporal (object identity OR what?)

2. Dorsal Parietal (object use OR when/how?)

27
Q

What area is specialized for processing faces? What experiment showed that this area is just activated for processes that are similar to facial processing or processing of familiar stimuli?

A

FFA = Fusiform Face Area

Greebles experiment.

28
Q

Define ideomotor apraxia.

A

Damage to the dorsal stream pathway prevents people from being able to mime certain actions.

29
Q

Define agnosia.

A

Damage to the ventral stream prevents people from being able to identify objects.

30
Q

Define blindsight.

A

As a result of cortical damage to visual areas, people with blindsight cannot perceive things visually but still act as if they do. A separation of perception and action.

31
Q

How is face processing configural?

A

We don’t pay attention to individual features on a face, but rather the relationship between features on a face.

32
Q

What is the face inversion effect?

A

We are faster and more accurate at recognizing upright faces compared to inversed faces.

33
Q

What experiment showed that we don’t have any domain specific preference for faces and instead have general specific?

A

The experiment where dog experts showed the same preference for upright dogs than inverted dogs.

34
Q

Define proprioception, nociception and equilibrioception.

A

Sense of our limbs in space, pain, sense of balance.

35
Q

What makes our five sense different from our other senses?

A

They provide information about our external surroundings.

36
Q

Why do optical illusions work in the grand scheme of things?

A

Our perceptual brain wants properties of objects to remain stable across various conditions.

37
Q

What is correspondence?

A

When the brain guesses which points in the image we are observing are in the same location in space. It explains why we observe still objects as moving.

38
Q

What does it mean that some stimuli are bi-stable?

A

This means that the brain can perceive them in two different orientations.

39
Q

What is perspective projection?

A

A feature of the eye (due to the pupil), which registers objects that are farther away as smaller on the retina.

40
Q

Define prosopagnosia.

A

The inability to recognize faces.

41
Q

Define semantic agnosia.

A

The inability to recognize everyday objects like tools, utensils, etc.

42
Q

What are three attributes of the external world that our brain wants to perceive.

A
  1. Image segmentation
  2. Depth perception
  3. Object recognition
43
Q

Define classification.

A

A type of recognition where we apply a class to a new object belonging to that class.

44
Q

What is the view based model?

A

The approach that claims we use the 2D image of objects in order to identify them. We must thus store multiple viewpoints of each object.

45
Q

Define scene schema.

A

The top-down process that says that we fill in our perception by getting clues form the context.

46
Q

What are convolutional neural networks?

A

A class of Artificial Neural Networks that learn features that are useful in order to recognize an image.

PSY270: Cognitive Psychology (4 decks)

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