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GSCE psychology > Perception 1 > Flashcards

Perception 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sensation?

A

Sensation is the activation of the 5 senses and it is the information we receive through our senses. We can receive too much information at time so it is important that we are using the needed senses.

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2
Q

what are the 5 senses?

A
  • touch
  • taste
  • smell
  • sound
  • sight
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3
Q

What is transduction?

A

Special sensory organs detects information from the outside world or internally and converts that information into electrical impulses

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4
Q

what is perception? Why is it important?

A

Perception is how we interpret and give meaning of the sensory information that we receive. It is important to ensure that we understand the world around us and so that it is less overwhelming.

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5
Q

what is the difference between perception and sensation?

A

Sensation is detecting stimuli while perception is interpreting what it means

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6
Q

what is a sensory receptor?

A

a sensory receptor are the sensory organs that processes external stimuli (things that happens outside the body)

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7
Q

What are the sensory receptors?

A
  • eyes
  • ears
  • mouth
  • tongue
  • nose
  • skin
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8
Q

what do the sensory organs do when they perceive light information?

A

The sensory receptions picks up the information as little dots (sensation) and our brain can piece together the information that the sensory receptors picked up (perception) and that’s how we can create a full image on our retina. We don’t see the world as many dots because of perception since we can understand and create a full image

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9
Q

what are the 7 types of perception and which sensory organs does this come from ?

A
  • vision (eyes)
  • gustatory (tongue or mouth)
  • auditory (ears)
  • olfactory (nose)
  • touch (skin)
  • proprioception
  • kinaesthesia
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10
Q

what is proprioception?

A

proprioception is the awareness of the body and the position of the parts of the body

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11
Q

what is kinaesthesia?

A

kinaesthesia is the awareness of movement

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12
Q

what are visual cues?

A

visual cues are the key information that tells us of the depth, distance and features of the environment

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13
Q

what are monocular depth cues?

A

Monocular depth cues gives the picture depth when we look at them with just one eye. they can tell us the distance of objects, but it isn’t as accurate

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14
Q

what are binocular depth cues?

A

Binocular depth cues tells us the depth of the world around us with both eyes, and involves comparing slight differences in the images that each eye recieves. this makes our depth perception more accurate.

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15
Q

what are the 4 monocular depth cues?

A
  • height in plane
  • relative size
  • occlusion
  • linear perspective
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16
Q

what is height in plane?

A

Height in plane is a monocular depth cue that says that if an object appears to be higher in an image, that object will create a smaller image on our retina, and if the object appears to be lower in an object, the object will then create a larger image on our retina. OR, we can also say that if the object is closer to the horizon (middle) of the image, then they will create a smaller image on our retina, or if the object is further away from the horizon, it will appear larger on our retina.

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17
Q

what is relative size?

A

Relative size is a monocular depth cue that tells us that if there are 2 similar sized shapes, the image that the two objects will make on our retina will tell us their distance between us. If an object is further away from us, it will create a smaller image on our retina, while if an object is closer to us, it will create a larger image on our retina, telling us the distance between us and the object.

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18
Q

what is occlusion?

A

occlusion is a monocular depth cue, where if there are two objects of similar sizes, that if one object is covering another, we would get a larger image of that object on our retina rather than the object that is being covered, where we would get a smaller image of that image on our retina

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19
Q

what is linear perspective?

A

linear perspective is a monocular depth cue, where parallel lines appear to be pointing to a vanishing point on the horizon, where all of the parallel lines converge to the horizon. The parallel lines meet the horizon, where objects at the back from a parallel line would be further away

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20
Q

what is retinal disparity?

A

Retinal disparity is a binocular depth cue, where it shows that each eye has very different view of the world and the brain merges those images to create a full image on our retina, this process happens so quickly in our brain that we don’t even realise it. This process helps us to understand the distance of objects or that the more similar the image, the further away that object is, and vice versa

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21
Q

what is the short distance rule for retinal disparity?

A

the smaller retinal disparity, (less difference of the image that is created by both of our eyes) the further away the object
AND
the larger retinal disparity, (more difference between the image that is created by both of our eyes) the closer the object is to us

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22
Q

what is convergence?

A

Convergence is a binocular depth cue. When we see a closer object, our eye muscles work to move our eye inwards and the brain realises the movement of the eye muscles and uses it as a cue for distance and depth in our environment.

23
Q

what is the short distance rule for convergence?

A

the further the object, the more relaxed our eye muscles are and the more normal position that the eye takes
AND
the closer the object, the harder the eye muscles have to work and thus, our eyes move inwards and becomes cross-eyed

24
Q

what are visual illusions?

A

Visual illusions are when the brain is tricked into seeing different objects, this is a mis-match between perception and sensation since we are unable to create a single image.

25
Q

what is size constancy?

A

This is the process where our retina can create a larger/smaller image, but we understand that they should be scaled to its normal size. We can scale images up/down based on our brain realising that they have a normal size.
For example, if there was a building that was really far away, which would create a smaller image on our retina, we would be able to understand that the building wouldn’t be that small and we can scale the object up to its actual size, due to size constancy

26
Q

what are the reasons that visual illusions occur?

A
  • size constancy
  • ambiguity
  • misinterpreted depth cues
  • fiction
27
Q

what is ambiguity? What are the examples of visual illusions that show this?

A

Ambiguity is the way in which some images or stimuli can be perceived in more than one way.
EXAMPLES:
- The Necker Cube
- The Rubin’s Vase

28
Q

what are misinterpreted depth cues (including size constancy) in illusions? What are some examples?

A

Some illusions rely on misinterpreted depth cues to work. these occur because of a mistake that our brain makes when using depth cues to make sense of the illusion.
EXAMPLES:
- The Ponzo Illusion
- The Müller-Lyer illusion
- The Ames Room illusion

29
Q

What is fiction in illusions? What is an example?

A

Fiction refers to a visual illusion when the person starts to ‘perceive’ something in the image that isn’t actually there. The image or stimulus might imply that there is another aspect present, but it isn’t
EXAMPLE:
- The Kanizsa Triangle

30
Q

Describe the Necker Cube (ambiguity)

A

The Necker Cube is a cube that can be perceived as either pointing upwards to the right OR downwards to the left. People can switch between these two perceptions.

31
Q

Describe Rubin’s Vase (ambiguity)

A

Rubin’s Vase can either be perceived as either two faces in black OR a white vase. There can be a difference in opinion according to what shape or colour people see first.

32
Q

Describe the Ponzo illusion (misinterpreted depth cues)

A

The Ponzo illusion shows train tracks with two identically-sized lines above them, one at the front and one at the back.

33
Q

what depth cue is used in the Ponzo illusion?

A
  • linear perspective
  • size constancy
34
Q

how does the Ponzo illusion work?

A

The Ponzo illusion uses linear perspective since the parallel lines give the impression of distance, since the lines appear to be converging to the horizon. As a result, we start to misjudge distance. We then use size constancy, since the line at the front would create a larger image on our retina, we scale it down to appear smaller on our retina, while the line at the back would create a smaller image on our retina, so we scale it up to seem larger, even though the lines are the same length

35
Q

Describe the Müller-Lyer illusion (misinterpreted depth cues)

A

The Müller-Lyer illusion shows lines that are actually identical in length with ‘fins’ pointing outwards and inwards.

36
Q

How does the Müller-Lyer illusion work?

A

Since the fins are pointing outwards, we perceive that line as larger because we use size constancy to scale the line up. When the fins are pointing inwards, we perceive that line as smaller because we use size constancy to scale the line down, creating a smaller image on our retina.

37
Q

What depth cues are used in the Müller-Lyer illusion?

A
  • size constancy
38
Q

Describe the Ames Room illusion (misinterpreted depth cues)

A

The Ames room illusion is a room, where a person standing on the left side seems smaller, and the person standing on the right seems larger in size.

39
Q

how does the Ames Room illusion work?

A

The shape of the room is a trapezoid, but we perceive it as a regular square room. On the left hand side, the distance between the floor and the ceiling is larger, so we perceive the woman on the left as smaller, since she creates a smaller image on our retina, while the woman on the right-hand side appears larger because the distance between the floor and ceiling is less, thus creating a larger image on our retina.

40
Q

What depth cues are used in the Ames Room illusion?

A
  • misinterpreted depth cues
  • size constancy
41
Q

Describe the Kanizsa Triangle (fiction)

A

The Kanizsa Triangle is a figure with 3 disks and a broken lined triangle, suggesting the appearance of a white triangle overlapping the other shapes.

42
Q

How is the Kanizsa Triangle fictional?

A

The illusion gives the idea that there is a triangle present, but there isn’t and this works by using illusionary contours, which creates the impression that the overlapping triangle has continuous edges all the way around it

43
Q

what are illusionary contours?

A

Illusionary contours creates the impression of an edge that actually isn’t there.

44
Q

What is shape constancy?

A

Shape constancy is when we see a certain object’s shape the same from any different angle or distance, regardless of the image that we get from our retina.

45
Q

what are cues?

A

cues are information about movement, distance and depth

46
Q

what is constancies

A

constancies is seeing objects as the same from difference angles and distances

47
Q

what is the overall suggestion of Gibson’s theory + direct perception?

A

Gibson’s theory states that perception happens directly because the visual environment gives us all the information that our brain needs to understand the world around us and that sensory information is all that is needed to understand the world around us. He thought that sensation and perception were the same thing. He also talked about how the ability to perceive and understand the world around us is innate and is due to the influence of nature. He also mentions optic flow patterns and motion parallax in his theory. His theory is a bottom-up theory

48
Q

what is the influence of nature on perception according to Gibson’s theory?

A

According to Gibson’s theory, we don’t need to learn to perceive the world around us and that perception is innate, meaning that these abilities came from birth, meaning that without past experience, we can just deal with our surroundings and understand depth and distance, just by using our eyes.

49
Q

what are optic flow patterns?

A

Optic flow patterns describes that when we move, the point that we are moving towards is stationary, while the rest of the view rushes away from it, which is then detected and lets the brain know of our movement. Our brain also can make judgements about the speed and direction of our movement.

50
Q

what is motion parallax?

A

Gibson said that motion parallax was another monocular depth cue that can help us to understand the speed of our movement, where if an object that was closer to us was moving, we would perceive that object to be moving faster, while an object that was moving that was further away would be seen as moving slower.

51
Q

what is a strength of Gibson’s theory? (full response). use PBT

A

Point - One strength of Gibson’s theory is that it was developed from real-life situations.
Because - This is because his theory arose due to real-world research with pilots in the Second World War that demonstrates how people perceive depth and motion in their natural environment.
Therefore - Therefore, this increases Gibson’s theory’s applicability to real life

52
Q

what is a strength of Gibson’s theory? (full response). use PBT

A

Point - One strength of Gibson’s theory is that research with very young infants provides good support for Gibson’s theory.
Because - This is because the visual cliff experiment that was done by Gibson and Walk in 1960, proving that young infants have the ability to perceive and understand depth, distance and the world around them, showing that perception is innate
Therefore - Therefore, this increases the validity since this experiment supports his theory

53
Q

What is a weakness of Gibson’s theory? (full response). use PBT

A

Point - A weakness of Gibson’s theory is that direct theory finds it difficult to explain perceptual errors.
Because - This is because, according to him, we can accurately perceive the world by using the information that is received by our retina, but visual illusions highlights the mismatch between sensation and perception that can arise as a result, disproving his argument.
Therefore - Therefore, Gibson’s theory has some discrepancies because there is more to perception than he has explained and this reduces its validity

54
Q

explain what Gibson discovered in the Second World War with the pilots.

A

He thought that everything in the pilots’ visual field and in the total light pattern of light that had reached the eye was enough for them to land the plane, since they could get information about:
- the distance between the plane and the ground
- any obstacles they might need to factor in
- the landing surface and texture of the surface
- the speed and deceleration of the approach
- the outline of the runway

GSCE psychology (3 decks)

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