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Y2 Endocrinology > Peptide Hormones > Flashcards

Peptide Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What nucleus in the brain produces dopamine

A

Arcuate nucleus

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2
Q

What stimulates production of prolactin

A

High oestrogen at end of pregnancy

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3
Q

Growth Hormone polypeptide

A

Single Chain 191 AA polypeptide

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4
Q

What form of growth hormone dominates

A

Pituitary, GH-N

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5
Q

What two transcription factors are involved in development of somatotrophs

A

Prop1 and then Pit 1

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6
Q

What nuclei in hypothalamus releases GHRH

A

Arcuate nucleus

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7
Q

What enhances GH secretion

A

Starvation
Glucocorticoids
Ghrelin
Estradiol

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8
Q

What blunts GHRH secretion

A

Insulin
Glucose
Obesity
Somatostatin
Age

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9
Q

Why is Ghrelin synergistic with GHRH

A

It is a natural ligand of Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor

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10
Q

Where is somatostatin made in the hypothalamus

A

SST 14 in the PVN

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11
Q

What hormones or chemicals are suppressed by SST

A

Insulin
GH and TSH

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12
Q

What does the Phosphorylation cascade for GHR involve

A

JAK/SKAT

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13
Q

What proteins are IGF-1 bound to and what is increased by what hormone

A

IGFBP 1-6, IGFBP3 increased by GH

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14
Q

What pathway(s) does ligand binding of IGF-1 result in

A

AKT and MAPK

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15
Q

Is GH or IGF-1 involved in retention of ions and what ions

A

Sodium water and phosphate

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16
Q

Does IGF 1 or GH inhibit proteolysis

A

IGF 1

17
Q

What stimulates protein synthesis

A

Both GH and IGF 1

18
Q

Effect of IGF-1 OR GH on glucose

A

IGF-1 decreases blood glucose and improves insulin sensitivity

19
Q

What effect does IGF-1 have on protein synthesis

A

Reversed catabolic effects of glucocorticoids

20
Q

What three diseases can stimulate GH

A

Renal Failure
Liver Cirrhosis
Type 1 diabetes

21
Q

What is Laron Syndrome due to

A

Problems with GHR

22
Q

How are levels of GH, GHBP and IGF-1 in Laron Syndrome

A

GH normal but GHBP and IGF-1 low

23
Q

Symptoms of Laron Syndrome

A

Short limbs, mean high 119F 124 M, small head circumference, saddle nose, prominent forehead, delayed skeletal maturation, osteopenia and obesity

24
Q

What stimulatory test used for GH deficiency

A

GHRH-arginine test
IGF-1 lower than reference range confirms diagnosis in adults with pit disease

25
Q

Most common cause of acromegaly
- what disease

A

75% somatotroph macroadenomas

26
Q

What are the classical clinical features of acromegaly

A

Facial changing, sweating, headache
Sleep apnoea, diabetes, hypertension

27
Q

Treatment of acromegaly

A

Pituitary surgery for adenoma as first line in most
SST analogues like lanreotide to inhibit release of GH
GHR antagonist like pegvisomant which improves binding in site 1 and impairs binding on site 2 so no downstream signalling on IGF-1

28
Q

Where are the most powerful effects of ADH- what happens?

A

Collecting ducts, resorption of water due to opening of aquaporin channels

29
Q

Where else does ADH work on in kidney

A

Thick ascending limb and loop of Henle by increasing NaCl and ureas absorption respectively. Na and K/H is reciprocal

30
Q

What are the 4 V receptors and thjr functions

A

V1a - Vasopressor effects at vascular or cardiac muscle(egm splanchnic beds in abdomen)
V2- Water retention in distal nephron
V1b- Role in ACTH/stress receptors in Anterior Pituitary
OT- Uterine contraction at birth at Myometrium

31
Q

Two main types of vaptans and their effects

A

V2- selective (tol, lixi, sata)
V1a+ V2 eg. Conivaptan

32
Q

What nucleus links to SON and PVN and what does it link to

A

Posteriomedial nucleus- links to VLM for SNS and pain, and NTS for baroreceptor

33
Q

How does BP change as AVP/ Osmolality increase

A

BP decreases

34
Q

Should random GH be used for Acromegaly

A

No, used OGTT

Y2 Endocrinology (4 decks)

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