Peoples of the Early Middle Ages

Question 1

Question: Thought to be associated with a Chinese group known as the Xiongnu, this group was defeated at the Catalaunian Plains. The Roman general Aetius affiliated with Rua prior to Rua’s death; his nephews then took the throne and led this group in an invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire. The most famous leader of this group shared the kingship with his brother, Bleda. For 10 points, name this barbarian tribe of Eastern Europe, first led by Attila.

Answer 1

Huns

Question 2

Question: One leader of these people was killed by the Gepid leader Ardaric at the Battle of Nedao. Theywere led by Uldin, who beheaded the Gothic leader Gainas and sent his head to Arcadius. Theirleader Rugila was struck by lightning during an invasion of Thrace. An empire formed by thesepeople collapsed after the succession of Ellac. One leader of these people won a large tribute from (*)Theodosius after winning the Battle of the Utus and invading the Balkans. An oft-debated historicalmystery concerns what Pope Leo I offered these people to get them to turn back from Rome. One of theirleaders killed Theodoric I but lost to Flavius Aetius at the Battle of Chalons. For 10 points, name this groupled by a man who killed his brother Bleda and was nicknamed the Scourge of God, Attila.

Answer 2

Huns

Question 3

Question: These people, chronicled by Priscus, were led after Rugila’s death by Bleda and his brother in the Dual Kingship. The Gupta empire fell to a group sometimes called “White” ones of these. Defeated by Flavius Aetius and the Visigoth Theodoric I at Chalons, sometimes called the Catalaunian Plains, this group crossed the Volga in 370 CE into Europe. For 10 points, name this violent nomadic tribe led by Attila during the collapse of the Roman Empire.

Answer 3

Huns

Question 4

Question: These people signed the Peace of Anatolius with Theodosius II after the death of their leader Rugila. These people were once ruled by a dual monarchy of Bleda and a man who was betrothed to Honoria, the sister of Valentinian III. The father of those two leaders of these people is cited as the ancestor of the Magyars in a modern-day national anthem. Forces led by the Visigoth Theodoric I and by Flavius Aetius, sometimes dubbed “the Last of the Romans,” defeated these people at the Battle of the Chalí´ns in 451. Pope Leo I convinced them not to attack Rome. For 10 points, name these nomadic horsemen led by Attila.

Answer 4

Huns

Question 5

Question: This empire crumbled after the Battle of Nedao. These people, who originated east of the Volgain Scythia, also lost to Flavius Aetius at the 451 Battle of Chalons [sha-LONE]. One ruler of thesepeople came to power after possibly murdering his brother (*) Bleda; that leader was known as the”Scourge of God” for his cruelty. For 10 points, name these nomadic people who frequently battled theRomans and were led by Atilla.

Answer 5

Huns

Question 6

Question: Ardaric of the Gepids defeated this group at Nedao, who was led by the brother of Ernak and Dengizich, Ellac. One of its rulers besieged Ratiaria and Naissus, and was accompanied by Zerco the dwarf, Bleda. Another of its rulers defeated Arnegisclus at Utus and collaborated with Valentian III to attack Toulouse. That ruler of this group had a wife Budrun and succeed Rugila before fighting with Aetius at Chalons, and met the pope at Mincia. For ten points, name this Germanic Tribe ruled the scourge of God, Attila.

Answer 6

Huns

Question 7

Question: This empire crumbled after the Battle of Nedao. These people, who originated east of the Volga in Scythia, also lost to Flavius Aetius at the 451 Battle of Chalons [sha-LONE]. One ruler of these people came to power after possibly murdering his brother (*) Bleda; that leader was known as the “Scourge of God” for his cruelty. For 10 points, name these nomadic people who frequently battled the Romans and were led by Attila.

Answer 7

Huns

Question 8

2: Wilhelm II compared this ancient people to Germany in an incendiary speech delivered in China. These people lost the battle of Chalons to Aetius.

Answer 8

Huns

Question 9

2: The Gupta Empire faced invasion by the Hephthalites, also known as the “White” branch of these people. These people were led on various European adventures by a guy named Attila.

Answer 9

Huns

Question 10

Question: The historian Paulus Orosius accredited this people’s takeover of his province with the restoration of its former vitality. One scholar under this people’s rule collected much of the knowledge of antiquity in his Etymologiae. They suffered a major defeat at on Easter Sunday at Pollentia and shortly thereafter were also repulsed at Verona. Leander converted one king of this people, Reccared, from Arianism to Catholicism. Clovis expelled these people from Toulouse at the Battle of Touille and their most famous ruler frequently clashed with magister militum, Stilicho. Tariq al-Ziyad, who had led a force of Berbers from Morocco, defeated their last king, Roderick at Guadelete in 712, effectively ending their hegemony in Spain..Ruled by men like Theoderic the Great, for 10 points, name these people, who sacked Rome under Alaric.

Answer 10

Visigoths

Question 11

Question: The missionary Ulfilas translated the Bible into the language of this people and converted them to Catholicism, though they became Arian under Leovigild. The founders of the cities of Reccopolis and Ologicus, they created the liber iudicorum law code under Recceswinth, ending distinctions between themselves and Romans. After losing at Vouille to Clovis, they moved their capital to Toledo; two centuries later, they were overrun by the Umayyads during the latter’s invasion of Spain. For 10 points, name this group who, under Alaric, sacked Rome in 410, not to be confused with their counterparts, the Ostrogoths.

Answer 11

The Visigoths

Question 12

Question: This people’s expansion into France was checked by Clovis at the Battle of Vouille. One leader of this group frequently clashed with Stilicho, a general under Emperor Honorius. After suffering persecution from dishonest governors, this group defeated and killed the emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople. This group controlled Spain until the Muslim conquest in the eighth century. Under their leader Alaric I, this group sacked Rome in 410 CE. For 10 points, name this Germanic tribe distinct from the Ostrogoths.

Answer 12

Visigoths

Question 13

Question: This group lost the Battle of Vouille to Clovis of the Franks. These peoples converted from Arianism to Catholicism under the reign of Reccared I. This group was ruled by the Balti Dynasty during their occupation of Iberia, which ended with the arrival of the Umayyads. This group established a kingdom based from Toulouse. Under Alaric I, this group became the first Germanic tribe to sack Rome. For 10 points, name these Germanic peoples who migrated out of Dacia with the Ostrogoths.

Answer 13

Visigoths [prompt on Goths; prompt on Vesi; prompt on Tervingi]

Question 14

Question: A history of these people was the masterwork of John of Biclaro. These people suffered a disastrous loss at the Battle of Guadalete. The Jews were persecuted by kings of these people like Reccared and Recceswinth, the latter of whom codified these people’s laws in the Liber Judiciorum. These people established a kingdom with capital at (*) Toulouse, and one king of these people died during a battle which he won alongside Flavius Aetius. These people fought the Huns at Chalons along with Rome, but sacked Rome in 410 under the leadership of Alaric, and defeated Valens at Adrianople. For 10 points, name this Germanic tribe which ruled the Iberian peninsula after the fall of Rome and split off from the Ostrogoths.

Answer 14

Visigoths

Question 15

Question: Under Liuvigild’s son Reccared, these people rejected the teachings of the bishop Ulfilas whenthey switched from Arianism to Catholicism. These people became foederati under emperor Valens,who let them settle across the Danube. This ethnic group won the battle of Covadonga under Pelayo.Between the fall of Rome and the Islamic conquest, these people ruled (*) Spain from Toledo. Theirunrest touched off the battle of Adrianople, which they won, and they later prompted Augustine to writeCity of God when their ruler Alaric sacked Rome in 410 CE. For 10 points, name this barbarian tribe whichseparated from the Ostrogoths.

Answer 15

Visigoths

Question 16

Question: One of their leaders died in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, and their downfall came with the victory of Clovis at the Battle of Vouille. Ultimately defeated by Muslim forces, Septimania was their last Gallic stronghold, and their chieftain Wallia died after their settlement of Aquitaine. Ataulphus led them into Spain, and Euric codified their laws. For 10 points name this Germanic group led by men such as Alaric and Theodoric I that separated from the Ostrogoths in the 4th century.

Answer 16

Visigoths

Question 17

1: Identify this people who then moved west and set up at Toulouse and later Spain before being defeated by Clovis I at Vouille, having earlier diverged from their Ostrogoth brethren.

Answer 17

Visigoths

Question 18

3: Pelayo of Asturias was likely a member of this tribe. In 507, this tribe’s king, Alaric II, was killed by the Franks at the Battle of Vouille.

Answer 18

Visigoths

Question 19

2: Clovis allied with Anastasius I in a war against this group, who he defeated at the Battle of Vouillé. Under their first king, Alaric, this group sacked Rome in 410 after they split from the Ostrogoths.

Answer 19

Visigoths

Question 20

Question: A legendary king of these people tied a woman named Sunilda to two horses which ran in opposite directions to pull her apart as a punishment to her husband. This ethnic group regained its hold on Salona when they killed the opposing general Mundus. A foederatus from this people named Gunthigis Baza employed the historian Jordanes as a scribe. Under the rule of this ethnicity, construction of the octagonal (*) San Vitale basilica began. These believers in Arianism fought a drawn-out bloody stalemate with Belisarius after the death of their most powerful leader, who executed Boethius and usurped Odoacer to rule from Ravenna. For 10 points, name this barbarian tribe once led by Hermanaric, which ruled the Italian peninsula under Theodoric the Great after branching off from the Visigoths.

Answer 20

Ostrogoths

Question 21

2: Theodoric was a king of these people also ruled by Ermanaric. They were the eastern counterpart of the Visigoths.

Answer 21

Ostrogoths

Question 22

3: Odoacer was in turn deposed and killed by Theodoric, the king of these “eastern Goths.” Their kingdom in Italy lasted into the 6th century.

Answer 22

Ostrogoths

Question 23

3: Justinian’s generals Belisarius and Narses conquered this kingdom. The works of this kingdom’s scholars Cassiodorus and Boethius were critical for the transmission of Classical learning to the Middle Ages.

Answer 23

Ostrogothic Kingdom or Ostrogoths

Question 24

Question: The last ruler of one branch of these people fled battle after watching his brother Tzazo cut down at Tricamarum. Tribes of these people included the Hasdingi and the Silingi. Belisarius’s first great campaign was against a kingdom of these people led by Gelimer. These believers in Arianism persecuted other Christians after sacking Carthage and making it the capital of their North African kingdom. A letter sent by Licinia Eudoxia requesting assistance from their leader Gaiseric led to the 455 sack of Rome. For 10 points, identify this Germanic tribe whose name has become synonymous with destruction of property.

Answer 24

Vandals

Question 25

Question: Rhaus and Raptus were kings of one subgroup of this people, who were divided into Silingi andHasdingi branches. One king of this people was implored by Licinia Eudoxia to overthrow PetroniusMaximus. The final king of this people was besieged at Mt. Pappua by the general Pharas. Tzazo wasthe brother of one leader of this people, and (*) Belisarius defeated that king, Gelimer, at Ad Decimumand Tricamerum. Hippo Regius was besieged by another member of this people. Though they are not theHuns, one of their leaders was implored by Pope Leo the Great not to destroy buildings during his mostfamous military action. For 10 points, name these barbarians that, under Geiseric, sacked Rome in 455.

Answer 25

Vandals

Question 26

Question: This group included the Asdingi and Silingi branches. They defeated Roman armies sent by Basiliscus and Majorian to eliminate them, and one of their leaders had moved them south so that they could fight for Count Bonifacius, who was rebelling against Rome. Belisarius defeated their leader Gelimer, who had usurped the throne from Huneric’s heir, and this people controlled part of Numidia after they became a federate of Rome. This Arianist barbarian group besieged Hippo, causing the death of St. Augustine. They sacked Rome under the leadership of Geiseric in 455 and eventually established a state in North Africa. For 10 points, name this Germanic barbarian group whose name now signifies a destructor of property.

Answer 26

Vandals

Question 27

Question: This people was broken up into the northern Siling and southern Asding branches. According to one story, this group began raiding by sea after their king was left lame by a fall from a horse and couldn’t ride anymore. That leader’s son married the daughter of Roman emperor Valentinian III, Eudocia. The last king of this people was defeated after deposing his cousin Hilderic. They migrated upon invitation from Count Boniface to fight Placidia Aetia. That last king was beaten at Tricamarum and Ad Decimum and was named Gelimer. Many Alans joined them when they crossed the Strait of Gilbratar into North Africa, where they set up a kingdom for a century before being destroyed by Belisarius. For 10 points, name this Germanic people which, under their greatest leader, Gaiseric, sacked Rome in 455 with a wanton destruction worthy of their name.

Answer 27

Vandals

Question 28

Question: This group settled in Pannonia after being defeated by King Geberic. That movement took place under the leadership of Wisimar, who belonged to the Hasdingi tribe. After Hilderic was replaced as leader of this group by Gelimer, this group was defeated by the Byzantines under the leadership of Belisarius. This group moved to Africa, and soon after that they conquered Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. Just after Roman emperor Valentinian III died in 455, this group, under the leadership of Genseric, sacked Rome. Name this Germanic tribe whose name has become synonymous with someone who defaces property.

Answer 28

Vandals

Question 29

Question: The two main branches of these people were the Hasdingi and the Salingi. St. Augustine died during their siege of the city of Hippo. Their leader Huneric was usurped by Gelimer, who was defeated by Byzantine general Belisarius. These Arians took Carthage from the Romans. Under (*) Geiseric (GAHY-zur-rik), they sacked Rome in 455. For 10 points, name this East Germanic tribe whose name is synonymous with anyone who destroys property such as a graffiti artist.

Answer 29

Vandals

Question 30

Question: The bishop Deogratias purchased and then freed slaves captured by these people, according to Victor of Vita, who was one chronicler of the persecution of their Christian subjects. One of these people quoted the Hebrew scripture “Vanity of vanities, all is vanity” upon being led into the hippodrome in Constantinople as part of a triumph. That occurred after he sent his brother Tzazo to put down the rebellion of Goddas and was subsequently left without enough of an army to successfully defend Ad Decimum. A more famous act of these people was supposedly motivated by the pleas of Licinia Eudoxia, who requested their aid following Maximus’ murder of her husband Valentinian III. Pope Leo’s negotiations with these people were not as effective as they had been with the Huns, however. For 10 points, name these Germanic people led by Gelimer and Gaiseric, who established a kingdom in Africa and led a particularly destructive sack of Rome in 455 AD.

Answer 30

Vandals

Question 31

Question: Following the declilne of the Silingi and Alani branches of this group, the Asdingi became its dominant branch, and they were Arian Christians. They were destroyed by the Byzantines following the deposition of the usurper Gelimer, and their prominent leaders included Gaiseroc and Gunderic. For 10 points, indentify this Germanic group that settled North Africa, whose name has become synonymous for willful destruction.

Answer 31

Vandals

Question 32

Question: Count Boniface was tricked into organizing an invasion by this group against Galla Placidia, themother of Valentinian III. King Gunderic led the Asdingi branch of these people to prominence.Justinian the Great was close with Hilderich, the penultimate leader of these people, and dispatchedBelisarius to invade their kingdom and depose Gelimer. Theodosius employed a half-Roman memberof this group, (*) Stilicho. A war with Petronius Maximus preceded the best-known action of this group,who were long allied with the Alans and captured Carthage in 439. After relocating to Africa, Gaiseric ledthis group’s infamous 455 sack of Rome. For 10 points, name this Germanic tribe that thus lends its nameto destructive people.

Answer 32

Vandals

Question 33

Question: At one battle fought by these people, their vanguard commander, Ammatas, was killed when the enemy was able to redeploy from marching order. Ammatas’s brother who was the king of these people ordered his burial on the battlefield and the withdrawal of these people’s forces from the Tenth Mile Post. An appeal from Hilderic, a deposed king of these people, provided the excuse for the (*) Byzantines to launch a campaign that included the victories at Tricameron and Ad Decimum over these people by Belisarius. Genseric led these people from Spain to Carthage where they set up a namesake kingdom. Pope Leo I convinced them to loot but not kill during their 455 Sack of Rome. For 10 points, name this Germanic people now associated with wanton destruction.

Answer 33

Vandals

Question 34

2: The Sack of Rome was carried out by this Genseric-led tribe whose name is now synonymous with destruction.

Answer 34

Vandals

Question 35

2: Justinian funded several wars in attempts to recover the lost Western half of the empire. He undertook his first against this tribe, who ruled Africa in the Roman tradition from 435 onward.

Answer 35

Vandals

Question 36

2: This barbaric tribe centered in Africa famously sacked Rome in 455. This group names acts of ruthless destruction or defacement, such as graffiti.

Answer 36

Vandals

Question 37

2: In 455, faced with an inevitable sack of Rome, Leo opened the city’s gates to these people. Although their name became analogous with senseless destruction, the actual sack involved mostly looting and little destruction.

Answer 37

Vandals

Question 38

Question: These people’s concept of arimmanus, or “free man” was the basis for their military, and the inscription on the Pernik sword is possibly written in their language. They engaged in intermittent warfare with the Gepids under their kings Audoin and Alboin. With the Herulians and the Bulgars, they were employed by Narses at the Battle of Taginae. In an attempt to settle Pannonia, they battled a force at Pavia and made it their capital city in 572. They lost their power after King Desiderius married off his daughter to a man who would conquer them. Their duchy of Spoleto capitulated upon their conquest by Charlemagne, but the duchy of Benevento remained their bastion until they died out. For 10 points, identify this group of Germanic barbarians that give their name to the region of Italy that includes Milan.

Answer 38

The Lombards

Question 39

Question: These people endured the so-called “Rule of the Dukes” after one of their kings was assassinated in a coup plotted by his wife, Rosamund. These people were based out of Ticinum and the seminal history of these people was written by Paul the Deacon. One king of these people, Rothari, established a namesake code of laws. The final king of these people was Desiderius, whose daughter Desiderata married the man who eventually conquered this group. Under Alboin, these people established a kingdom in the south, but were eventually conquered by Charlemagne, who took the title “King of” this people. For 10 points, name these Germanic people who ruled a namesake kingdom in Italy, whose name lives on in a modern-day region that is the home of Pavia and Milan.

Answer 39

Lombards

Question 40

Question: An early unifier of these people, whose groups included the Ripuarians and Chatti, converted to Christianity after the Battle of Tolbiac. Agnatic succession excluded females from inheriting fiefdoms, as codified in the Salic law governing these people. A succession of “do-nothing” kings governed these people following Dagobert I, and their country was divided into three parts in the Treaty of Verdun. Their Merovingian and Carolingian rulers included Clovis and Charles Martel. For 10 points, name this Germanic people whose rulers also included Charlemagne, the namesake of a country whose cities include Nice and Paris.

Answer 40

Franks

Question 41

1: Name this Germanic people that gives their name to the modern-day nation that contains the city of Marseilles.

Answer 41

Franks

Question 42

2: Clovis helped to unite these people. Gregory of Tours wrote a history about these people.

Answer 42

Franks

Question 43

2: The semi-legendary Merovech fought at the Catalaunian Plains as the leader of these people. Merovech gives his name to the Merovingian dynasty, which was eclipsed by the Carolingian dynasty as rulers of these people.

Answer 43

Franks

Question 44

2: The Merovingians ruled over these Germanic peoples, who occupied the region the Romans referred to as Gaul.

Answer 44

Franks

Question 45

2: Women from this Germanic ethnic group included Queen Brunhilda of Austrasia, who was bound to a camel and tortured to death, and Clotilde, the Catholic wife of Clovis. They drafted the Salic law.

Answer 45

Franks

Question 46

Question: An apocryphal tale of a leader of this people claims that he invited his enemies to a dinner and then collapsed their benches while they were eating, making them fall into a pit of blades. This people carved the Rosemarkie Stone, a fragment of which is claimed to depict Daniel in the Lion’s Den. The kings of the successors to this people are detailed in the Duan Albanach. The Kingdom of Frotriu was the most powerful state of this people, and under Bridei III it shook off Northumbrian oppression at the (*) Battle of Nechtansmere. This people were united politically with the Kingdom of Dál Riata under Kenneth MacAlpin. For 10 points, name this “painted” people who lived in northern Britain, the predecessors to the Scots.

Answer 46

Picts

Question 47

Question: One leader of this group wound up with his severed head affixed to an enemy’s saddle after showing up with 40 men to an 80-man fight; in the subsequent ride back, that leader’s snaggletooth ground into his enemy’s leg, leading to the septic death of Sigurd the Mighty. Mael Bucktoothed was a leader of this group, which lost a rebellion at the Battle of Two Rivers but took revenge on Ecgfirth at Nechtansmere under Bridei III, who then punished local monasteries for abandoning the Church of Iona in the Synod of Whitby. This group often used the title “King of Fortriu” and became indeterminately entangled with the Kingdom of Alba as indicated by the Dupplin Cross. The most famous king of this people was given the retroactive cognomen “An Ferbasach,” or “the Conqueror,” and came from the Alpin line; later rulers like David II and Malcolm III claimed descent from that ruler, Kenneth I. For 10 points, identify this group often symbolically identified as the barbarians behind Hadrian’s Wall, an early people who ruler Scotland.

Answer 47

Picts

Question 48

Question: One tribe of these people had a name meaning “hunting hounds” and wore massive bronze armlets. Symbols found on artifacts of these people include the double disc and Z-rod, as well as a bizarre creature, called their namesake “beast,” which resembles a seahorse. These people lost the Battle of Two Rivers, but later defeated Ecgfrith at Nechtansmere to win independence in 685 CE. They conquered Dal Riata during the reign of Oengus I, and had seven kingdoms, including Fife and Fortriu, that were named for the sons of Cruidne, according to their namesake Chronicle. The name of these people suggests that they were tattooed, a fact not apparent on their namesake Stones. Tacitus reports that one group of these people, erroneously considered to be Britons, were led by Calgacus in their defeat to Agricola at the Battle of Mons Graupius. For 10 points, name these people who, beginning with the reign of Kenneth MacAlpin, merged with the Gaels to form the Kingdom of Scotland.

Answer 48

Picts

Question 49

3: These tribes controlled the land that is now Scotland before the ethnogenesis of the Scots people. They allegedly carved Sueno’s Stone and painted their faces blue before combat.

Answer 49

Picts

Question 50

2: This Celtic people likely had legends about an apparently aquatic beast with a trunk. That creature, which may be an each uisge, kelpie or Loch Ness Monster, was depicted on the symbol stones of this Scottish people.

Answer 50

Picts

Question 51

Question: A Christian king of this ethnicity accidentally minted coins praising Allah, since he saw Arabic script as pretty squiggles. Hengist and Horsa were legendary settlers of this group, whose lower classes included the serf-like churl. These people were protected by forts called burhs during the Heptarchy. These losers of the battle of Maldon made a treaty with Guthrum, separating their land from the Viking-governed Danelaw during the tenure of Alfred the Great, who led many of these people in Wessex. For 10 points, name these peoples who, alongside the Jutes, invaded post-Roman Britain and ruled there until the Norman conquest.

Answer 51

Anglo Saxons

Question 52

1: The Seven Kingdoms of Westeros are inspired by the Heptarchy, the set of seven major kingdoms set up by these people and the Angles while they dominated what would become England.

Answer 52

Saxons, accept Anglo Saxons

Question 53

Question: 4. This people’s descendants claim that they united after several chieftains shed their blood into a single cup and each one drank from it. They lost to troops who had fasted for three days by order of their rival Simeon I at Southern Buh. This people successfully executed a surprise attack by the Brenta river. After Arnulf of Carinthia died, this people crushed troops led by a seventeen-year-old king named Louis the Child. Their Grand Prince Geza fathered Vajk [VIKE], who took the Christian name Stephen before his 1000 AD coronation. They lost at Riade to Henry the Fowler and at Lechfeld to Otto the Great, decades after migrating into the Carpathian basin on horses. For 10 points, name this people whose less nomadic descendants unified a capital city bridging the Danube at Budapest.

Answer 53

Magyars

Question 54

Question: About 5,000 people attended the funeral of a worker of this ethnicity who was killed by a trooper in a saloon during the 1910 Bethlehem Steel strike. Duncan Ingraham’s attempt to free man of this ethnicity in Smyrna harbor sparked an 1853 diplomatic incident in which William Marcy argued that the U.S. had the right to protect its subjects under international law. Queen Victoria wrote negatively of a so-called “fever” that engulfed hundreds of thousands of people who received a foreigner of this ethnicity in New York in 1851; that man then received a (*) White House banquet in his honor and had earlier met with Lord Palmerston, sparking international outrage. Millard Fillmore controversially entertained a foreign revolutionary of this ethnicity who passed the April Laws before a Russian invasion overthrew him in 1848. For 10 points, give this ethnicity of revolutionary Lajos Kossuth.

Answer 54

Hungarians or Magyars

Question 55

Question: The pagan religion of this tribe was mediated by shamanistic figures known as taltos. The river Chidmas flew through their quasi-legendary homeland of Levedia. Figures from their mythology include the shape-shifting demon Ordog and little people known as manok. Hadur was this tribe’s god of both copper smithing and war. Rulers of this tribe claimed descent from Turul, a magical falcon, and their leader Geza was converted to Christianity by St. Adalbert at Esztergom. For ten points, name this Central Asian tribe whose first Christian king was Stephen, and whose language is related to Finnish.

Answer 55

Hungarian or Magyar

Question 56

Question: The name of a modern-day country stems from the “ten arrows” alliance that this people joined. This group reversed a loss dealt by Margrave Luitpold at the Battle of Pressburg, similar to a defeat they dealt to Louis the Child near Augsburg. Although they raided settlements up to Otranto and the Pyrenees and extracted a tribute from the Byzantines, this group was defeated at Lechfeld by Otto the Great, after which their ruler Geza adopted Christianity and this tribe formed a kingdom first led by Stephen I. For 10 points, name this tribe that settled and formed the Kingdom of Hungary.

Answer 56

Magyars

Question 57

Question: London brewers sparked an international incident by attacking a general infamous for flogging upper-class women of this non-Filipino national group and hanging its thirteen “martyrs.” Nobles of this ethnicity offered passive resistance to officials nicknamed Bach’s Hussars. A sweeping reform package called the April Laws began a revolt of this national group that was suppressed by Baron von Haynau and Josip Jelačić (“YAY-la-cheech”). The territories of this national group were dubbed (*) Transleithania after an 1867 compromise negotiated by Ferenc Deak called the Ausgleich. This national group’s 1848 revolution was led by Lajos Kossuth (“LYE-ohsh KOH-shoot”) against Franz Josef I. For 10 points, identify this national group, also called the Magyars, whose namesake country formed a dual monarchy with Austria.

Answer 57

Hungarians or Magyars

Question 58

1: Name this group which united with the Khazars under Arpad, and were defeated in 955 at the Battle of Lechfeld while fighting against Germany.

Answer 58

Magyars

Question 59

2: At Lechfeld, Otto the Great managed to halt the invasions of Western Europe by these people. Much later, these people revolted against Soviet domination in 1956 under Prime Minister Imre Nagy

Answer 59

Hungarians or Magyars

Question 60

2: At the Battle of Lechfeld, Otto overcame Lel and Sur, chieftains among these people. These barbarians had often raided Christian kingdoms, even destroying Moravia, but settled down in Hungary after Lechfeld.

Answer 60

Magyars

Question 61

Question: One of these people accidentally sacked Luna thinking that it was Rome and was nicknamed “Ironside.” A group of these people were able to settle when Charles the Fat granted their leader Rollo the Duchy of Normandy. An elite unit of the Byzantine Army made up of these people served as the Emperor’s bodyguards and were known as the Varangian Guard. They were responsible for the sacking of Irish monasteries at Lindisfarne and Iona, while they made long voyages that resulted in colonies in Greenland and Vinland, founded by Erik the Red and Leif Eriksson. For 10 points, name these fierce Scandinavian seafarers who most likely did not wear horned helmets.

Answer 61

Vikings

Question 62

Question: A legendary member of these people was invited to Novgorod in 860 CE and founded the Rurikid dynasty. European courts learned about these people after a group of them destroyed the monastery at Lindisfarne. The Varangians were an Eastern branch of these people, who fought using (*) dragon-headed longships and berserkers. From 985 to 1000, these people explored Newfoundland and Greenland. For 10 points, name these people whose leaders included Leif Eriksson and Erik the Red, who are traditionally depicted wearing horned helmets.

Answer 62

Vikings

Question 63

Question: These people were Christianized by St. Olaf and their presence in England began with the attack on Lindisfarne Abbey. They established a settlement at L’Anse aux Meadows, which may have been part of Vinland. Famous members of this people include Leif Erikson and Erik the Red. For 10 points, name these fierce Scandinavian warriors and explorers, who, contrary to popular belief, did not wear horned helmets.

Answer 63

Vikings

Question 64

Question: These people pioneered a construction technique called “clinker building.” They formed bases known as longphorts in a country where they lost at Clontarf. The larger of the Jelling stones was created by one of these people with notably bad teeth. In the East, these people were known as Varangians. These people include Oleg of Novgorod, who founded Kievan Rus, and Rollo, who founded the Duchy of Normandy. These people fought Skraelings at their colony of Vinland, in what’s now Newfoundland. For 10 points, name these Germanic peoples who used longships to raid northern European villages, exemplified by Leif Erikson.

Answer 64

Vikings

Question 65

Question: These people participated in the Battle of Clontarf against Brian Boru in 1014 as one of their last major actions in Ireland. This group took the monastery at Lindisfarne, and besieged Paris after the refusal of Louis the Fat to pay tribute. They defeated Ethelred the Unready at the Battle of Maldon in 991, and forced him to pay the Danegeld, but were defeated at the battle of Stamford Bridge by Harold Godwinson. This group included Ragnar Lodbrok, and settled Vinland beginning in the 11th century, reaching their peak of influence under Olaf II. For 10 points, name this group of North European raiders and explorers, known for their use of longships.

Answer 65

Vikings

Question 66

Question: After one event, these people were blasted by Alcuin in a letter addressed to Bishop Hygbald. These people hid Edmund the Martyr’s head in a hedge under the command of Ivar the Boneless. They comprised the personal bodyguard of Basil II as the Varangian Guard, and regularly collected preventative tributes called the Danegeld. These people formed the Great Heathen Army after razing Lindisfarne. They explored Newfoundland under Leif Ericson using their characteristic longships. For 10 points, name these Scandinavian people who carried out devastating namesake “raids” and are erroneously depicted wearing horned helmets.

Answer 66

Vikings