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Peoples Health Flashcards

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1
Q

5 factors of living conditions in the countryside (1250-1500)

A

Over 90% lived

  1. Peasants had little to eat. Lived off pottage and bread. Suffered from great famine 1315 (killed 10%) . Rich ate mostly meat and few vegetables
  2. A fungus called ergot grew on rye causing disease. People went mad
  3. Drinking water from springs and wells shared by livestock
  4. Peasants lived in one roomed hovels with no chimney
  5. People dug cesspits to bury their waste
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2
Q

1250-1500 living conditions in towns (5)

A
  1. Towns were smaller but could be crowded - some had conduits bringing water into the centre, sometimes supplied by lead pipes from springs
  2. Market town streets became polluted with waste and animal dung ; a huge amount of waste created by business eg butchers and fishmongers . (Butchers left carcasses causing disease and tanners polluted rivers)
  3. By 1500 most town employed rakers to clear waste and empty on fields
  4. Town children suffered from sinus problems due to breathing bad air
  5. Houses usually shared a latrine emptied onto fields by gongfermers
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3
Q

Gongfermer

A

Somebody employed to empty cesspits in medieval towns

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4
Q

Responses to Black Death 1348

A

Killed around 40%

  1. Carried by fleas on rats (bubonic) , pnuemonic (sneezing). No scientific knowledge
  2. Beliefs: gods punishment so to cure you should attend church services, flagellants
  3. Beliefs: miasma - cure: burn scented woods and avoid baths . King ordered for the streets of London to be cleaned in 1349 but did nothing else
  4. Beliefs: spread by touch or look - doctors would nkt having anything to do with it
  5. Over 20 new outbreaks before 1500 mainly in towns
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5
Q

Attempts to remove public health by churches and towns

A
  1. Monasteries built in clean places, piped fresh water supplies, latrines
  2. Town councils ordered improvements to reduce miasma eg Bristol removal of dung heaps , leapers and prostitutes
  3. Guilds or juries in some places checked quality of meat

4/ tradesmen fined for dumping waste in the Thames

  1. Town councils and kings did not care enough to ensure clean water supplies and sewers
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6
Q

5 living conditions in the countryside 1500-1750

A
  1. Food for the poor similar to Middle Ages (pottage) low wages and sometimes famine but farming methods became better at producing food
  2. The rich still ate too much meat but also new products brought in from America and Asia eg potatoes, peppers , sugar = tooth decay
  3. New industries eg coal (newcastle) grew : more coal fires 1600s as price of coal dropped so more respiratory illnesses
  4. A new educated middle class started but no new science on illness
  5. Number of towns doubled 1500-1650 as people migrated across towns
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7
Q

5 factors of life in towns (London) 1500-1750

A
  1. Early modern - same problem as medieval ones but towns are a bit bigger
  2. More stone houses but the poor lived in overcrowded hovels that were damp and draughty
  3. Animals still roamed the streets leaving waste. Mice and rats are common
  4. Piped water to houses of the rich; water sellers sold water in leather sacks, the poor got polluted from free conduits
  5. Waste ended up in dung hills, leaky cesspits (gongfermers emptied) or the streets
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8
Q

Responses to plague (1665 great plague - last visit of Black Death)

A
  1. Terror due to its frequency, symptoms and impact
  2. No better understanding of what causes it . Similar beliefs to medieval
  3. Gov passed laws eg. 17 plague orders of 1578 that included infected shut up for 6 weeks and the burning of tar barrows to mid of miasma
  4. Great plague in London 1665 killed 100,000 people
  5. London council issued plague orders eg closing theatres, cats and dog killed (Roamed the streets and spread disease), bodies collected at night and mass graves
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9
Q

5 factors of when the national gov and town council health reform 1500-1750

A
  1. Centre of London was rebuilt more spaciously after the great fire of 1666. But the poor still lived in squalor and there was no sewers
  2. Towns passed more laws eg York streets cleaned by householders twice per week and the centre of many towns paved
  3. From 1660 there was a big problem of cheap gin drunk by the poor
  4. The gin act 1729 taxed gin but too many small gin shops sold cheaply
  5. 1751 a new tough gin act - whipping on 1st account of selling, 2nd account prison and 3rd was transportation . Higher prices of gin
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10
Q

1750-1900 Industrial Revolution- public health crisis in towns - housing and food

A
  1. Towns grew rapidly eg Leeds grew by 35 times as people flooded in due to huge population increase and factory jobs
  2. Terrible overcrowding- slum houses such as back to back were built rapidly. Liverpool 1840 40,000 lived in cellars
  3. Disease spread rapidly amongst people - typhus and tb
  4. Limited supplies of fresh food for the poor in towns - poor nutrition made people weaker to disease

5/ poisoning from food adulteration eg copper on butter and acid in beer

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11
Q

1750-1900 public health crisis- water and waste

A
  1. Water companies set up pumps in the streets often the water came from polluted source such as river or stream
  2. The biggest problem in the early 19th century was caused by human waste
  3. Cholera and typhoid spread when sewage leaked from cesspools and shared privies into drinking water. Especially bad in summer with less rain

4 middle class flush toilets wash waste into rivers polluting drinking water

  1. Property owners did not want to pay higher rates for new sewers and the gov believed in laissez-faire
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12
Q

Responses to cholera

A

1 terrified by symptoms (vomiting, diarrhoea) and sudden death 1-2 days

  1. Peoples attacked a cholera in Leeds many turned to god (1831)
  2. The government set up a central board of health and called a day of prayer ( 1848)

4/ town councils burned tar barrels to rid of miasma (1853)

  1. John snow- Scientific understanding slow spread by water (1854) but not believed until 1861 when Louis Pasteur proved the germ theory
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13
Q

Fight against filth 1830-1900

A

Gov finally acted

  1. Chadwick repost (1842) shocked 1848 voluntary public health act
  2. Gov opposed Chadwick’s plan for councils to build egg-shaped sewers due to cost and rich were less affected
  3. The great stink (1858) shocked parliament with fears of miasma, and led to London sewer system built by bazalgette. Other cities coped eventually
  4. 1867 working class men got the vote because of mp Benjamin duffy so Parliament had to listen to
  5. 1875 public health act forced councils to build sewers and clean water supplies. Big changes were made to cities which showed civil pride eg Manchester took water by aqueduct 96 miles from Lake District
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14
Q

1920-2000

Living conditions- housing and food

A
  1. Reports by booth and rowntree showed problems of poverty for 1/3 and despite acts like Artisians dwelling act 1875 many still lived in slums in 1900
  2. The housing act 1919 ordered councils to build council houses. By 1979 42% lived in council houses then thatcher sold many of them leading to a shortage
  3. Bombing in Ww2 destroyed 475,000 houses. Many new high rise tower blocks in place of slums as heavy coal was no longer needed for heating. New problems
  4. Food become more readily available from supermarkets and in tins
  5. Rationing in WW2 actually improved the diet of the poor for a few years
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15
Q

1920-2000

Living conditions- air and inactivity

A
  1. Too much burning of coal caused air pollution and smog eg December 1952 it killed 12,000 London
  2. 1956 coal use was limited by clean air act
  3. Pollution from car engines led to the use of unleaded fuel. Diesel fumes can cause cancer

4 modern lifestyles are less active and a lack of exercise can lead to heart problems.

  1. Peoples diets link with a lack of exercise to cause widespread obesity
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16
Q

1920-2000

Response to Spanish flu and aids

A
  1. Spanish flu at the end of ww1 causes pneumonia and killed over 200,000 in uk
  2. Dr Niven in Manchester did more than most- urged the council to act eg closing schools / theatres by they were slow. His slogan was ‘spit kills’ and he made a film
  3. In the early 1980s there was a panic about AIDS and HIV virus
  4. The gov organised a campaign and sent out a leaflet saying don’t die of ignorance
  5. This created a culture of hate towards homosexuals until Diana princess of wales shook hand to help
  6. A new anti-viral drug slows the progression of hiv to aids some people became careless again leading to a rise in stds
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17
Q

Growing government involvement (after 1945)

A
  1. At the start of the 20th century liberal gov began the welfare state to tackle poverty eg 1908 old age pensions and 1911 national insurance
  2. Following ww2 in a bid to create a better society in 1948 Labour gov set up NHS
  3. By 1960 about 80% of men smoked and Gov gave away smoking tokens
  4. Following scientific reports Gov health warnings began being printed on cigarette packets to lessen smoking. Smoking banned in public places 2007
  5. The cost to gov health welfare and pensions go up as people live longer
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18
Q

Living conditions of medieval 1250-1500

Beliefs and attitudes

A

Religion- Christian , people believed god repsonded to prayers , believed in one god, god helped to cope with suffering love others and care for people

Catholic Church - powerful by 1250, lead by popes and bishops, wealthy

Church in England - parishes, Catholic Churches where they drank in honour of saints and abbey monastery coventa

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19
Q

Living conditions in medieval - gov

A

Serving god- defend the nation and maintain law and order.encourahe grace and peasant were 90% of county but had no say in how country was ruled , did not provide public health

Towns - towns had mayors and were not controlled by lords , mayors wanted to make sure everyone was proud of their town

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20
Q

Living conditions in medieval - science and technology

A

Working equipment , water mills and windmills were the most powerful tech , blades for ploughing were made by black smiths , printing presses in 1470

Medicine - microscopic creatures eg germs could not be seen, medieval ideas

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21
Q

Living conditions in medieval - urbanisation

A

Initially 90% lived in country side

Crowded towns- in 1500 there was towns with populations of 10,000 people

Markets- the markets made towns noisy and full of activity , places for people to make money

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22
Q

Living conditions in medieval - wealth and poverty

A

Peasants did all the hard work

Role of the Lord of the manor- worked on the field , no land , bad harvest affected most

Markets- peasants were able to bring things to earn extra money

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23
Q

Helpful and hinderance - countryside - housing wattle and daub

A

Helpful : warm houses, waterproof , kitchen gardens

Hinderance - bad ventilation , animals inside-spread disease

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24
Q

Helpful and hinderance - countryside - food

A

Helpful- in good Harvest there was plenty, meat preserved, meat stew

Hinderance- fungus on the for the poor , famine 1315-1322 10% died , weather caused famine

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25
Q

Helpful and hinderance - countryside - drink

A

Helpful- springs provided fresh water, some mills powered by streams , small beer cleaner

Hinderance - water contaminated , people bathed and cleaned in the same water. Drank alcohol instead of water

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26
Q

Helpful and hinderance - countryside - waste

A

Helpful - cesspits common , waste used to fertilise field , midden for house hold waste

Hinderance - cesspits not always empty - contaminated water supplies

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27
Q

Towns helpful and hinderance

A

Helpful- some towns had pipe systems leading to spring water being brought in and flowing out of conduits

Hinderance- mice and rats lived in thatched roofs , houses tightly packed together, Mandy didn’t clean, filth on street

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28
Q

Towns helpful and hinderance - food

A

Helpful- varied diet lots of diff goods , lots of meat available

Hinderance - ale was stronger , rubbish and mess caused by markets, animal carcasses left to rot in streets

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29
Q

Towns helpful and hinderance - drink

A

Helpful- some houses had their own wells , conduits , water carriers brought water

Hinderance- ale was stronger , more people drank ale because water was so bad

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30
Q

Towns helpful and hinderance - waste

A

Helpful- rakers employed to clean streets, gongfermers employed to empty latrines

Hinderance - water into rivers , waste leaked into cellars of houses

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31
Q

Butonic plague

A

Butonic death

Boils were as large as eggs

Vomited blood

Took 4 days to die

On groin and arms

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32
Q

Pnuemonic plague

A

Infects the respiratory system

Caused by breathing in cough droplets

Victim could be dead within 2 days after they coughed up blood

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33
Q

Septicemic plagues

A

Effects the circulatory system

Victim bleeds internally and fingers noise and toes turn black and eventually rot away

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34
Q

How did plague spread so easily in Middle Ages

A

Lack of knowledge surrounding the way it spreads and how it was communicable

Dense population and movement from town to town

Tightly packed houses with rats living there .

King felt no responsibility

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35
Q

Reaction to bubonic plague

A

Camomile lotion

Live roads and chicken over buboles

Blood letting to Balancing the 4 humours

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36
Q

How did church help public health after Black Death

A

Monks could read so they knew how to build complex water systems that the romans had invented . They built conduits to bring water to churches .

Monks ran hospitals for the needy

Needed water supply for mass.

Christian values promote helping the sick

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37
Q

How did town authorities help to keep streets clean

A

Alderman’s and mayors ensures butchers were kept outside

Keeping lepers out as leprosy thought to be contagious

Gongfermers and rakers

This is because cleaner towns make more profit

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38
Q

What did London do to help the Black Death

A

Specialist juries gave an expert opinion on wether the person was guilty regarding ‘putrid’ chicken and fish

A jetty was built so carcasses could be carried away by boat

In 1417 the return of the plague - London closed stews / public baths

The mayor organised repair of pipes

London expelled tawyers (animal skinners) to the suburbs

39
Q

How did parliaments power change in early modern

A

Increased but the monarch was still in charge - public health doesn’t improv

3% (the elites) of England had the vote

40
Q

Public health improved after the Black Death how far do u agree

A

Agree- wardens appointed to clear filth,
there were naming and shaming of towns (Norwich ) who polluted waterways
, guild checked quality of food,
new pipes put in place to bring water into towns motivated by Christian goodness

Disagree- the king did not get involved, king only wrote a letter,
little improvements outside of London some towns did nothing at all,
actions like building a jetty to dump waste in the river made it worse

Disagree- Black Death returned multiple times so measure were ineffective,
town mayors couldn’t afford to make proper public health changes,
some towns didn’t employ rakers ,
paving was introduced to reduce the filth on street but had more to do with increasing trade,
no one took responsibility

41
Q

In early modern how were living conditions helpful and a hinderance for healt

A

Helpful- people drank mead, beer , ale instead of water , houses started to be built from brick , well in gardens, opportunity to have a varied diet

Hinderance - unbalanced diet- lots of meat little veg and fruit even for wealthy, streets were covered in animal dung, people drank alcohol instead of water , coffeehouses and sugar led to obesity

42
Q

Individual responses to plague- turning to god

A

Church attendance increased when the plague threatened

Fasting

Prayer

Good behaviour

Not as much flagellation and pilgrimage

43
Q

Individual responses to plague- running away

A

People moved to seek clean air . Acceptable

44
Q

Individual responses to plague- seeking a cure

A

Infected had little hope receiving a cure

Physicians fled to treat those who could afford to pay

Apothecaries were praised for staying but had no real cure

Many would use tobacco as they believe it cleaned the air

45
Q

Individual responses to plague- sticking together

A

Attacks on the outsiders were rare

Few abandoned immediate family members

Parents cared for children

Elderly took in orphaned children

Many who died had dignified funeral

46
Q

% of those with vote in industrial

A

1750- 3%

1884 - 30%

47
Q

Beliefs and attitude - industrial living conditions

A

Charities - provided for schools for poorer children

Charles Darwin - Darwin’s book in the 19th century challenged religious beliefs and shifted many beliefs to a science way of thinking

Alcohol- middle class (bottles of wine) , wealthly (Brandy and port) , working class (at pub) , poor (got addicted) , temperance movement was a religious group that failed

48
Q

industrial living conditions- Gov

A

Not many cities has their own mp

Gaining the vote- 1832 reform act huge to men who owned property, 1867 and 1884 vote to working class men

49
Q

industrial living conditions- food

A

Cheap bacon, bread and potatoes

Malnourishment causes sickness nd diseases

50
Q

industrial living conditions- food quality

A

Food was adulterated eg copper in butter

Many suffered from food poisoning

Little attempt on control production of food

51
Q

industrial living conditions- water

A

Working class districts was rare to have water

Poor areas had one pump

Springs were often impure

52
Q

industrial living conditions- waste

A

Major issues - disposal of human waste

Working class rarely had sewers

Cesspools overflowed into yards

53
Q

industrial living conditions - urbanisation

A

6 million in 1750 changed to 21 million in 1850 and 37 million by 1900

Factory- very difficult conditions and deafening machinery led to dangerous risks

Impact on children- woven bones in lungs (pneumonia) , really thin so didn’t develop properly , deformed bones because of weight of items they had to carry

54
Q

industrial living conditions- wealth and poverty

A

Diet-population didn’t starve however wages of working families were not adequate enough to provide a good diet

Factories - children worked from 5am to 6pm breathing in dust throughout the day

Empire - British empire has full control over Africa and India

55
Q

Modern- waste

A

All homes got connected to sewer systems

Waste is taken away and treated before being emptied into rivers and the sea

Bin collections - run by local councils - paid for by council tax - including recycling services

56
Q

Modern- housing

A

Massively improved

After 1946 new towns were created to solve the problem of overcrowding

1919 housing act meant that local council houses with running water indoor toilets and gardens

“Right to buy scheme” in 1980s led to shortage of council houses

57
Q

Modern- water

A

All houses had water supplies directly to houses

Waged quality is checked so diseases can’t spread

Water companies like Northumbria water are responsible for the cleanliness of the water. Households pay a fee

58
Q

Modern- food

A

New technology such as canning and refrigeration made food cheaper

New supermarkets increased the variety of food available to British families

Fast food consumption increased

59
Q

Medieval - food

A

Countryside - most people worked on land and grew their own food

Towns - market days , drovers brought animals into towns

Famine was common because of bad harvests

Poor people ate bread made from rye rather than wheat caused by ergotism

Pottage - stew ate by poor people

Small ale - drank instead of water

60
Q

Medieval - water

A

Countryside - springs wells and streams

Towns - conduits built by monks , water carriers

Often polluted and contaminated

People washed in the same water as they drank

Cesspits leaked into water supplies

61
Q

Medieval - waste

A

Privies or latrines

Modems used in the countryside to collect waste (hole in ground)

Mayors and alderman’s tried to pass laws to get people to clean up

More laws passed after Black Death preventing things like butchering animals in towns

62
Q

Medieval - housing

A

Simple housing in the countryside - wattle and daub and thatched robes

Hole left in roof to let out smoke - open fires used to heat and cooking and smoking meat

Houses tightly packed together in towns- multiple story’s with upper levels jutting out over lower levels

Houses made from wood

In towns multiple families would live in diff rooms in larger houses

63
Q

Early modern - waste

A

Privy’s over cesspits that leaked

Household waste collected by rakers

Dunghills in towns

Animals still common in towns causing waste

Streets not commonly paved meaning that mud and human waste could be compacted together

64
Q

Industrial - waste

A

Sewers were built to drain the streets of rain water not human waste

Pools of stinking water filled the streets often with human excrement

Night soil men did not pay for night soil men - overflow in yards and courtyards

Drinking water was still contaminated

65
Q

Industrial- housing

A

Lodging houses- single people

Through houses

Back to back

Poor ventilation

TBC

People living cellars

66
Q

Early modern - housing

A

Wood frames until mid 1600s when some houses were built by brick

Population rose causing pressure on towns

Town houses tend to be one room wide and three stories high - poor people have one room within house

Many families would live together - bed sharing common

Coal began to be used on fires bad for health

67
Q

Early modern water

A

Same as medieval

Harder to access water in towns as they got bigger and overcrowded

Some people had water pipes in houses (rich)

Conduits or smaller versions called bosses

Water carriers still common

68
Q

Early modern - food

A

Famine less common

Rich ate more meat - bad for health

More variety of good from new world- pumpkins and potatoes

Tea and coffeehouse - 500 coffeehouses in London

Sugar became a national obsession

Pottage still common

69
Q

Industrial water

A

Working class - few had piped water

Water companies provided water via street pumps

Whole streets would share pumps

Water was only available for 2-3 hrs

Water companies still retrieving water from polluted rivers

70
Q

Industrial food

A

Working class for food from small shops (no access to growing food)

Mainly lived off bread butter cheap bacon and rabbit

Adulterated products would lead to rickets and food poisoning

71
Q

Cholera deaths

A

1831 - 31,000

1848- 52,000

1852 - 72,000

72
Q

Summary of cholera epidemic - 1831

A

Authorities presumed it was miasma so they treat it in the same way - burning tar , national day of prayer and quarantine rules

73
Q

How did Gov try to help cholera in 1846?

A

1846 Parliament act :

Made people connect homes to sewers

Made everything must worse

Infected water was going straight to drinking water via sewage

74
Q

How successful was John snow with cholera epidemic 1848

A

Snow probes cholera was in the water

Stops outbreak in soho and takes the handle off . Means death has stopped

Used scientific evidence of investigation . Done this by gathering and publishing evidence

75
Q

Limitation of John snow 1854

A

Could not explain exactly what was in Cholera because germ theory wasn’t discovered until 1861

Actual germ causing cholera wasn’t discovered until later

Gov refused to take snows advice to clean up water because they had to pay

Great stink happened in 1854 - hot summer when Thames river dried up and exposed human waste

76
Q

1858 great stink

A

Parliament left London

Shows nothing had changed - Gov did nothing to clean it up

77
Q

Summary of cholera epidemic - 1866

A

Las outbreak is less severe

7000 die because of incompetence from London water company

They polluted water

Happened in east London

78
Q

Why did public health improve dramatically from 1850

A
  1. 1861 germ theory

1875 public health act

The franchise 1868- working class men get the vote

1858 the great stink

1854 snow proved cholera was water born

1872 Disraeli promised change

1873 imported food

1860 pure food act

79
Q

Success and weakness of Louis Pasteur

A

Success- public 1861 germ theory , proven germs cause disease (the missing link in medicine) , people could begin to make vaccines and medicines

Limitations - people did not believe him, gov were slow to react , only knowing about germs was not enough

80
Q

Success and weakness of Edwin Chadwick

A

Success- sanitary report in 1842 - first time conditions of the poor were laid out, a list of solutions proposed: provide clean water and a supply , replace all sewers with efficient ones and provide water to houses and increase rich tax. Creates public health act 1848 , changes gov attitudes

Weakness- unpopular , middle class don’t want to pay taxes , act is not compulsory so some towns ignore it , only 163 has set up board on health in England

81
Q

Strength and weakness of jospeh bazalegette

A

Success- sewage system created by him , sewage was dumped downstream where it would not contaminate drinking water , could cope with growing population

Weakness- took 7 years to build, other places in the countries aside from London took decades to install

82
Q

Success and weakness of John snow

A

Success- snow identifies that the water pump was the issue

83
Q

The work of Edwin Chadwick was the most important factor in improving public health in towns (agree)

A

1842

Brought the reality of living conditions of the working class to the attention of the government and parliament

Included statistics - life expectancy and living conditions

Church groups supported Chadwick and put pressure on the gov and leads to the first public health act in 1848

Created boards of health in 162 towns

84
Q

The work of Edwin Chadwick was the most important factor in improving public health in towns disagree

A

1848 public health act was not compulsory

Many towns simply ignored it

Boards of health did not exist or closed down over time

Chadwick lost his own job when London board of health closed down

Gov remained laissez faire

85
Q

Disagree - The work of Edwin Chadwick was the most important factor in improving public health in towns

A

A more important factor than the repost itself was the development of democracy

As more of the working class men got the vote the more Gov faced pressure to improve public health or they could be voted out of power

This led to mps like Benjamin Disraeli promising to intervene and improve public health

Gov did not remain laisez faire

86
Q

The work of Edwin Chadwick was the most important factor in improving public health in towns disagree

A

Another important factory was the work of other individuals

87
Q

Modern England beliefs and attitudes

A

Gov- no longer take a laisez faire attitude

Decline in faith- in 1869 British human society was founded which suggested people could live good lives without god,
the First World War and scientists challenged religious beliefs

88
Q

Modern England - Gov

A

Help for poor- liberal party, first state funded old pension, free school meals

Welfare state- labour increased spending on welfare state, after the Second World War in 1948 Labour created nhs , by 2010 the control the gov had on people’s lives were getting too much for some voters

Gaining the vote - in 1918 women gained the right to vote , by 1928 every adult had the right to vote

Human rights- United Nations publish a declaration of human rights which Gov can’t ignore

89
Q

Modern England science and tech

A

1900- acceleration in science and technology , motor cars , moving pictures , communication around the world becomes easier

2000- paints , plastics and weed killers , family planning changed as contraceptive pill was introduced and antibiotics cured many once fatal infections

90
Q

Modern England - urbanisation

A

Population- in 2000 population is 58 million , growth in jobs and wealth, bigger mix of ethnic groups in cities

Working weeks- average worker does 54 hours a week, by 2000 the hours came 39 ber week

Leisure - free time spent playing football walking in newly designed parks at the cinema and travel

91
Q

Modern England - wealth and poverty

A

Rowntree- discovered the city of York was poor because of low pay - published poverty a study of town life

2000- Britain had become wealthier with much more middle class, British economy changed, more jobs in tourism , education and health care : service industries from mining

92
Q

Government campaigns modern

A

Gov sugar tax in April 2018 to cure childhood obesity

5 a day

Dry January

Change 4 life

93
Q

Law for public health modern

A

1907- free school meals

1902 training of midwives

1940 - vaccination for tbc

history (4 decks)

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