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Making Of America Flashcards

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1
Q

How was it possible for the UsA to expand quickly- treaty of Greenville and US expansion

A

1783 Britain’s signed over 230 million acres of land to US but natives were still there

In 1794, Washington defeated
the natives at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Their leaders were forced to sign the
Treaty of Greenville and give up land in the territories for white settlers to move to.

Native Americans were forced to move further west over the Mississippi river

By the 1830s, most of the slanted become US states

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2
Q

How was it possible for the United States to expand so quickly?- President Jeffersons encouraged settlement.

A

Encourage sellers to move west in north-western, south-west territories

He auctioned off the land in 640 acre plot

Land speculators would buy land and sell small sections for profit

Squatters, who couldn’t afford to buy land from speculators, moved away, and began living on land illegally

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3
Q

How was it possible for the United States to expand so quickly?- Louisiana purchase 1803, and Lewis Clark

A

The french were looking to sell the colony of Louisiana, is they needed more money to fight the British

President Jefferson bought it for 15 million

Jefferson Lewis and Clark to explore the area, and they try to establish trade routes with the west

Their exploration allowed others to follow and establish fair trade. This in turn encourage expansion.

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4
Q

Opportunities in the territories - why did slavery expand so quickly

A

After the treaty of Greenville, the government needed to decide whether they were going to permit slavery in US territories

They came to compromise allowing slavery in south-west territories, but slavery would be banned in the north-west territories

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5
Q

Removal of Indians from the east - attempts to civilise Indian tribes

A

Attempts to civilise Indian tribe

  • George Washington, so Native Americans is biologically equal, but their society is inferior so he attempts to persuade them to become more civilised

-Seminole , cherokee, Chickasaw all open churches and school

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6
Q

Removal of Indians from the east- attacks on the creeks

A

Many Creeks Refused to move and complained when the government
allowed people to settle on their land but as stated, in the Indian Removal Act,
the government sided with the settlers.

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7
Q

Removal of the Indians from the east- trail of tears

A

Most Cherioke refused to move west

US Army force 18,000 natives to move west

4000 die

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8
Q

What was life like on the Great Plains

A

Harsh weather, extreme heat and cold

Lack of food and water

Vast grasslands

Lack of shelter

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9
Q

5 use of the buffalo

A

Fur- blanket, mittens, saddle covers

Dung- fuel

Tongu- hair brush

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10
Q

Manifest destiny

A

The idea of conquer in the wild west as part of the American identity, as it was a God-given right to take land
In reality, it was a racist idea, and the case of white settler colonialism

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11
Q

The Lakota Sioux- hunting the buffalo

A

Used for food clothing and shelter

Perform Buffalo dance

If you, Buffalo hunts could last a small tribe a year

Live centred around the Buffalo

Men were skilled Horsemen and members of warrior societies

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12
Q

The Lakota Sioux- family and home

A

Old people respected for their wisdom

Temporary villages, which could be moved easily to follow Buffalo

Women prepared food, crafted items from Buffalo and sharing the TP was built

The children were highly valued, but didn’t go to school learned by the tribe

Men hunted, fought and looked after horses

Traveose used to move tipis easily

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13
Q

The Lakota Sioux- warfare

A

Ford, steel horses and control important land

Fear rivals with other tribes, such as the crow, but used horse attack

By 1839, Lakota were the dominant tribe on the planes

L boys learn how to ride from an early age

Men were expected to join Warrior societies and their opinions were sought on key decisions

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14
Q

The Lakota Sioux- beliefs and teachings

A

Nomads

People come from the land, and when they die, would return

No one could own land and farming was disrespectful

No single leaders lead the tribe

Each triad its own language and distinctive culture

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15
Q

Geographical dangers of the journey west

A

Rocky Mountains are dangerous to cross

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16
Q

Weather dangers of the journey west

A

High rainfall

Children are forced to stay in wagons

The ground was turned to mud

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17
Q

Indigenous dangers of the journey west

A

White settlers blame for new diseases and were killed because of this

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18
Q

Disease - dangers of the journey west

A

TBC spread

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19
Q

Who was the leader of Mormons and what were their key beliefs

A

Joseph Smith, 1830 to 1844

Brigham Young

Rebuild America is described in the book of Mormon

Convert others?

Share, land and property

Polygamy

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20
Q

What were Mormons visions of the west

A

Set up a holy city and live by Mormon beliefs in the desert

Young Leeds, and migration across the plains to large and settle land

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21
Q

How did Mormons settle in Utah

A

By 1852, there were 10,000 who lived in Salt Lake

Church granted house land based on need

Bringham young is the leader

Water channels irrigation from the mountains

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22
Q

How did Utah grow in the 1850s

A

Becomes a territory

Young becomes a governor

Town spread rapidly

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23
Q

Why did Mormons have conflict

A

Religion was different

King style leadership

Polygamy

Blamed for economic downturn

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24
Q

Difficulties faced by early migrants on their journey to Salt Lake - settlement

A

The settlement was carefully planned

Young decided the church will be in charge of distributing land. Accordant family needs, nobody own land.

Challenging to grow food in a dry place

Irrigated Farman was crucial to survival, therefore, there were channels from mountains

Everyone had a fair share of water

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25
Q

Difficulties faced by early migrants on their journey to Salt Lake - growth

A

1840 8US government seized the area around Salt Lake from Mexicans

Young applied for Utah to be a state, but this was not allowed so became a territory and it couldn’t make its own laws

1850 young was made Utah’s first governor

1850 to 60 young rapidly spread, Mormon settlements

Success worried a lot of people in the east

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26
Q

Difficulties faced by early migrants on their journey to Salt Lake- conflict

A

1857 government sent troops to Utah to force young to bring it in a line with the US. However, the conflict never actually occurred.

In 1557 a band of Mormons led by John D. Lee massacred some settlers believe to be US spies

Lee blamed Indians for the murder, but it was soon proven to be Mormons

Scandal forced young to step down his governor

Utah was then made to follow US laws

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27
Q

Divisions between white Americans and native Americans and the impact of it

A

The US government had taken lots of Native American land for white settlers, so native Americans were forced to move further west

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28
Q

Divisions between white northerners and white southerners and the impact of it

A

Northern business owners thought slavery was unfair competition for their factories. They also saw as old-fashioned and did not agree with that.

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29
Q

Divisions between white southerners and white northerners

A

Many people in the south thought, northern business owners were greedy and morally correct

They saw a powerful north as a threat of their way of life

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30
Q

Divisions between abolitionists and other white Americans and impact

A

A small number of white and three black Americans called abolitionists, thought that the growth of slavery was immoral

They set about to try and stop it all together

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31
Q

Economic differences as to why slavery spread so quick

A

Many businessmen in the north, opposed south slave owners

It became common for big plantations to thrive in southern states, which relied on the work of African-Americans

The type of land in the north was not suited to planting crops. Where is the land in the south was This led to different industries emerging in the north and south.

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32
Q

Political reasons slavery spread so quickly

A

Each state could elect senators and representatives in Congress, the larger, the population, the state, the More, they could influence the politics of the country

Enslave people could not vote at all,

Slaves would count as 3/5 of a person the north felt this was the government given into demands of the powerful southern slave owners

The man who drew the constitution feared removing slavery altogether, would ruin many southern slaveholders. They worried this might start our rebellion

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33
Q

Religious differences slavery spread so quickly

A

Slavery itself was dividing peoples understanding of Christianity

Several Christian groups, such as the Quakers and Methodist in the north, spoke out against slavery

Religious groups in the south preach that God made black people to serve white people, the quickest voucher that God had made all men to be free

34
Q

Why did slavery spread across the American self so quickly between 1838 to 1840?- New land force movement.

A

It was clear as the US was gaining states in the south. That land was fertile, perfect for growing cotton.

Slave traders made vast profits of 1000 per slave

There was kidnap being of free black people in the north

35
Q

Why did slavery spread across the American self so quickly between 1838 and 1840- the cotton gin

A

In 1793, Eli Whitney created the cotton gin, this removed seeds by machine and greatly increased the speed and quality of production

Before this, the seat had to be removed by hand, which is 50 times slower

Allow plantation to grow on a massive scale

36
Q

Why did slavery spread across the American self so quickly between 1838 and 1840- the pushing system

A

To keep up with the speed of the cotton engine engine, the pickers needed to work faster

Plantation owners developed a pushing system, pushing workers to work as hard as possible

They put the fastest pickers at the front, and expected them to set the pace for the rest of the workers

37
Q

Why did slavery spread across the American self so quickly between 1838 and 1840- the Missouri compromise

A

In 1819, there was a disagreement over whether the slavery should be allowed in new states

They wanted to keep the number of slaves and free states equal

The agreement said Missouri and any states to south could be slave states the north would be free

To balance the new slave state of Missouri, the free state of Maine also joined the US in 1820 states would join as pairs, free and slaved

38
Q

Why did slavery spread across the American self so quickly between 1838 and 1840- the Louisiana purchase

A

Big government land purchase

In 1803, with the Louisiana purchase, the US acquired vast areas of land that was perfect for growing cotton

By 1819, the land west of the Mississippi River became three new states, Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi

This area along with Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina became known as cotton kingdom . By 1820 over 42% of all US export were cotton.

39
Q

Divisions amongst abolitionists

A

Slavery was wrong

Don’t like the power it gave to the south

Immediate emancipation

Gradual change

Send native black Americans to Africa

Many black people didn’t belong to the Americans society

40
Q

Growing dependency on slaves

A

25% depended on slavery

Help to make northern factories and other businesses, profitable

Land speculators made profit by by selling it on white owners so they could expand plantations

41
Q

Growing power from slavery

A

1829 and 1837 US politics grew

Jackson was a southerner

Banks could lend large loans to cotton investors

Cotton businesses opened in the north

42
Q

What was the 230,000,000 acres of land called that Britain gave the US

A

North-west and south-west territory

43
Q

What happened to the 13 colonies after the wars of independence?

A

They were given to the American governments and became states

44
Q

When was the Declaration of Independence

A

1776- 4th july

45
Q

What was the Indian removal act 1830

A

Forced Indian to cross Mississippi River many died and remove them from territories

In any dispute of the land, US government would back white settlers

46
Q

What was the trial of tears

A

7000 US gov force 18000 Indians to move west

47
Q

What happened in 1790 with Indians

A

Expedient of civilising Native American nations

This letter conflict with plantation owners who try to take plain Indian land

The plant is often challenged by groups of Indians as they had nowhere else to go

48
Q

What happened in 1790s with settlement of Seminole and creek lands

A

The tribes waged war on the settlers to prevent themselves from being overrun

49
Q

1814- attacks on creek

A

Creeks forced to sign over 23 million acres worth of land to Jackson in 1814

50
Q

1830 Indian removal act-

A

Jackson was 7th US president. As he was plantation keener he felt planters should be allowed to take south west territory

51
Q

1838 trial of tears

A

Many seminoles began to move into Indian territory however not all Seminole’s had the same chief so many chose to stay

Wars broke out with the us resulting in seminoles being forces west

7000 us army troops forces the cherokee into concentration camps

Many creeks refuse to move west

52
Q

Reasons for moving west - economic down turn in the east

A

1837 many lost their jobs and savings in the East, felt they would have a better chance at
moving West and starting over.

53
Q

Why whites moved west - preemption act

A

1841: stated that anyone who settled on land in Oregon could keep it.

54
Q

The Oregon trail

A

2400 miles took 8 months

Began journey along Missouri River

Wagons could only travel 20 miles per day

55
Q

What was the California gold rush like

A

Violent places with a lot of robberies and murders . Only women there were prostitutes or laundry doers

56
Q

Why did the California gold rush begin

A
  1. Over 50,000 travelled to California in 1848 alone, it became a free state in 1850. This affected the balance of
    slave/non slave states and also led to calls for a railway to be built connecting the east and the west.
  2. Gold did not just make the miners rich, traders who sold good to the miners also became rich. e.g. Levi Strauss.
57
Q

What happened to miners after the gold rush California

A
  1. However, not every miner made a fortune and by 1851 the rush was over.
  2. When all the surface gold was mined, they used crushing mills to dig deeper which made the machine owners very
    rich. They only paid the workers a small wage. By 1851, mining operations were controlled by big businesses.
58
Q

4 Difficulties of California after the gold rush

A
  1. The settlement of California led to conflict with the Indians who’s land the settlers had to cross to get to California,
    the US government signed the treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 promising to protect Indians who settled on the
    plains as settlers were only passing through this land.
  2. Water jets were also used to find gold, this led to flooding and ruined the environment (rivers were poisoned and
    wildlife was killed.
  3. Local Indians were forced off the land by violence. Any Indian who was found also searching for gold without proof
    of employment could be sold into slavery.
  4. Chinese and Mexican miners who came from San Francisco had to pay a $20 tax which forced them to leave
59
Q

How many people went to pikes peak for the gold rush

A

100,000 because of railways

60
Q

Impact of pikes peak gold rush

A

Led to the development of farming in the area as farms sold food to the
miners.

  1. The population of Kansas grew and it became a state in 1851
  2. The Great Plains were no longer just seen as a route to the West
61
Q

Impact of pikes peak on plains Indians

A

However, these routes were on Indian land, which led to the US
government ignoring their promise to the Indians from the Treaty of
Fort Laramie 1851 as now whites were settling here.

  1. Cities like Denver were founded. White settlers were now in direct
    competition with Indians for resources, this led to tension between the
    Indians and the settlers.

By 1860, it was clear that the Indian vision of the west was being undermined

62
Q

How did different views lead to civil war - growing tensions from the 1830s - deep divisions

A

There was a growth in the number of abolitionists in the north

The National Anti-Slavery Society was formed in 1833 by William Lloyd-Garrison and Arthur Tappan, by 1838 it had
250,000 members

underground railroad was set up by former slaves Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman to help slaves escape
to the north.

tensions over the growing power of the north. In the north industries were growing rapidly

63
Q

How did different views lead to civil war - growing tensions from the 1830s - political division about slavery

A

slaves did not count as a whole person, in terms of voting rights, they only counted as 3/5th of a person

the Missouri
compromise 1820, any states south of Missouri could have slaves

1846, congress voted to ban slavery in the new territories

Enslaved were not citizens but property

James bachanan supports slavery and is president in 1836

64
Q

Clay compromise

A

1580

for the West, that California should enter the Union as a Free State and
other new territories should make their own decisions on slavery, it also stated that all slaves should be returned to their owners,
even if they were in a free state

65
Q

Kansas Nebraska act 1854

A

this act Kansas and Nebraska would be allowed to decide for themselves whether
they allowed slavery or not when they became US states. This appalled abolitionists and the issue divided America into two political
parties.

66
Q

What was bleeding Kansas

A

1850s

Political violence in the new state broke out between those who were pro-slavery and anti-slavery.

Just under
200 people were killed in the violence

. An abolitionist John Brown also led a raid in 1859 to try and liberate slaves in Missouri and was hanged for this

67
Q

James Buchanan

A

1856

Democrat became president

Dred Scott case 1857 which stated that Congress had no right to ban slavery as it was stated that every American had the right to own property, it denied the legality of black citizenship and declared the
Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

68
Q

Abraham lincoln

A

In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president, he was strongly anti-slavery and promised to give land in the
west to white settlers in order to prevent slavery.

69
Q

How did South Carolina contribute to the start of war

A

In November 1860, South Carolina voted to secede (leave the union), the vote passed 169 votes to 0. Six other
states quickly followed and they formed the Confederacy of States. President Lincoln declared the actions of the south illegal and sent union troops to guard gov buildings in march 1861

70
Q

Where did war began

A

At Fort Sumter, Confederacy forced opened fire on Union soldiers, the war had begun.

71
Q

What was total war in 1863-65

A

Lincoln said if the confederates did not surrender by the end of 1862, he would free all slaves.

They refused and on 1st January 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation

This also gave Black Americans something to fight for, and it weakened
support for the South.

72
Q

What was the emancipation proclamation

A

Banning slaves in the states

73
Q

Write a clear and organised summary of African Americans experience in the civil war (10 marks)

A

In January 1863, the 54th Massachusetts Coloured Regiment, became the first Northern black regiment. soon 70% of northern black men joined the union army, initially paid less than white soldiers until the Equal pay act of June 1864

Autumn 1862 (South Carolina volunteers) the first union regiment of freed slaves

plantations were given to rich northern investors who employed ex slaves as paid labourers, but they were only paid enough to clothe and feed themselves - many preferred to work as firemen for better wage

Whipping was banned

Those who fought alongside blacks seen them as equal

74
Q

Factors that prevented improvements for slaves

A

Despite equal pay black soldiers are not allowed as offices

Contraband of war so can’t join union army

Conscription act resulting in violence in New York

75
Q

Conscription act

A

Some white northerners disliked having to fightfor Black Americans freedom which resulted in 4 days of violence in New York 1863, after The Conscription Act which asked all men between 20-45 to enlist in the army.

Eventually in 1865, the Confederacy were defeated; shortly after Lincoln was shot.

76
Q

3 of the original 13 states

A

Virginia

New York

South Carolina

77
Q

African Americans experience of limited war

A

North, blacks suffered poverty, lived in slums and suffered segregation but some were able to be educated and there was even black universities.

South, treat as property and not allowed to schools

78
Q

Factors preventing improvement for black Americans during limited war

A

north were not allowed to join the union army as soldiers and Lincoln would not change this as he thought it might upset some slave states

Some worked for confederate but were only allowed to do heavy labour

numbers of Black Slaves began to cross into the North as they wanted to fight for
the North to help gain their freedom. The South demanded that the ‘hostages be returned - Lincoln passed a law so ex slaves could be kept in north

79
Q

Progress for black Americans during limited war

A

blacks escaped the South and slavery for freedom in the North.

Congress passed the Second Confiscation Act in July 1862

Sea Islands (off the coast of south Carolina) were captured by the Union, the slaves there were freed and were allowed to keep the land and farm for themselves.

Northern volunteers also when to the
Sea Islands to offer the now freed slaves healthcare and education.

80
Q

What was the second confiscation act

A

July 1862

slaves would automatically become free in any areas captured by the North.

history (4 decks)

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