People & Situation

Question 1

When are pluralistic behaviors most likely to happen

Answer 1

In situation of toughness

Question 2

What describes pluralistic ignorance

Answer 2

They are misperception of a group norm that leads an individual to act at variance with their private beliefs. This behaviour reinforce the erroneous group norm

Question 3

What is a second name for the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 3

Manifestation with action…flavinette

Question 4

But for real…what is self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 4

the tendency fot people to change a behaviour to bring something they actually expect to happen

Question 5

Why do we do Ideological distortions

Answer 5

Because, sometimes it is necessary to be “clearer than the truth” or because we want to hide certain detail to persuade others of a situation

Question 6

What are the two order effect

Answer 6

Primacy effect & recency effect

Question 7

Order effect are a type of what

Answer 7

Framing effect

Question 8

What make spin framing different from order framing

Answer 8

Spin framing consist of a change in the context. It is a manipulation between positive and negative information to change the focus of a statement. The order, contrarily to order framing have no great impact.

Question 9

According to pluralistic ignorance, people being affraid to express their misgiving about perceived group norm leads to what exactly

Answer 9

to reinforce the false norms

Question 10

How do we called the phenomenon during which people engage implicitly in a proactive behaviour to bring about the very thing they expect to happen

Answer 10

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 11

Secondhand information are prompt to what (3 elements)

Answer 11

1. Ideological distortions
   - we tend to tell a story “clearer than the truth”
2. Over-emphasis on bad news : distortion
   - we “embellish” a story to make it more interesting
   - distortion for the interest of profit and/or ideology
3. Effect of the bad-news bias
   - bad news influence our tendency to victimize ourselves

Question 12

What the 3 types of framing effect

Answer 12

1. Spin framing
2. Positive and negative framing
3. temporal framing

Question 13

Spin framing can be compared to what stylistic procedure

Answer 13

Euphemism

Question 14

What changes in spin framing and positve/negative framing

Answer 14

the content!
spin framing : the angle
positive & negative framing : play with antipode of an idea

Question 15

According to which principle do we seek information

Answer 15

we seek information following the CONFIRMATION BIAS principle

Question 16

Which of the top-down or bottom-up processes is used to understand the world

Answer 16

top-down

Question 17

Which of the top-down or bottom-up processes are used to process information from the world

Answer 17

bottom-up

Question 18

Is bottom-up processing “data-driven” or “theory-driven”

Answer 18

data-driven!

so, environment → conclusion about stimuli

Question 19

Which of the top-down or bottom-up processes used preexisting knowledge and expectation to drive a conclusion from a stimuli

Answer 19

top-down processes

Question 20

What is the goal of priming

Answer 20

Make a concept more accessible and ready to be used or ready to influence perception

Question 21

True or false, the frequency and the recency of the activation of a schema have an influence on the likelyness of its use for the individual perception

Answer 21

True!

Question 22

Can subliminal priming have an effect on schemas and how influential they become for perception

Answer 22

yes, schemas may have an influence on consciousness even if presented under the treshold of attention

Question 23

How are intuitive responses characterized

Answer 23

Rapid and associative processes

Question 24

How are rational responses characterized

Answer 24

Slower and rules bases reasoning

Question 25

How can we define heuristics

Answer 25

mental shortcuts that lead to judgment (good and bad)

Question 26

How do we call the tendency to judge the frequency/probability of some events according to the amount of examples related to the subject

Answer 26

availability heuristics

Question 27

How can disfluency affect stimuli processing

Answer 27

Leads to more attentive and reflective thought

Question 28

How do we call the tendency to categorize something according to the degree of similarity it has with our conception of the typical member of a certain category (prototype / stereotype)

Answer 28

representativeness heuristic

Question 29

What may prevent representativeness heuristics

Answer 29

base-rate information

Question 30

What may be the consequence of availability and representativeness heuristics

Answer 30

illusory correlation