People Flashcards
Schahter and Singer
thought that James and Lange were right to equate emotion with the perception of one’s bodily reactions and that Cannon and Bard were right to note that that there are not nearly enough distinct bodily reactions to account for a wide variety of emotions.
Kluver and Bucy
performed brain surgery on a monkey named Aurora. After, she would eat about anything and mate with everyone - as though she could no longer distinguish between good and bad. seemed absolutely fearless when handled by experimenters and remained calm. accidentally damaged her amygdala.
LeDoux
found that info about a stimulus is transmitted through the brain simultaneously along two routes. the thalamus is a kind of router that simultaneously sends info along a “fast pathway” (goes directly from the thalamus to the amygdala) and a “slow pathway” (goes from the thalamus to the cortex and then to the amygdala). this means that while the cortex is slowly using this info to conduct a full-scale investigation of the stimulus’ identity and importance, the amygdala has already received the info and is deciding if it’s a threat. cortex tells the amygdala to either maintain or decrease the state of fear.
Maslow
Argued that all human motivations (needs) could be arranged in a hierarchy with biological motivations at the bottom and psychological motivations at the top. Suggested that until motivations at one level was satisfied, motivations at higher levels were ignored. Lowest to highest: physiological needs; safety and security needs; belongingness and love needs; esteem needs; and need for self-actualization.
order may vary, not all needs must be met 100% at all times (you can talk to someone and be hunger, it’s ok).
other needs have been proposed in addition: achievement, power, cognition, information, identity, and meaning
Overmeir and Seligman
showed that if dogs are repeatedly exposed to electrical shocks with no way to escape, then they later don’t even try to escape from shocks, even when escape is now possible.
Hans Selye
subjected rats to heat cold, infection, trauma, hemorrhage, and other prolonged stressors, and he found that the stressed-out rates developed physiological responses that included an enlarged adrenal cortex, shrinking of the lymph glands, and ulceration of the stomach.
Beck
noted that his depressed patients distorted perceptions of their experiences and embraced dysfunctional attitudes that promoted and maintained negative mood states.
