People

Question 1

greek philosophers

Answer 1

sought to understand the origin of knowledge. nativism (Plato) vs empiricism (Aristotle).

Question 2

renaissance philosophers

Answer 2

sought to understand the relationship between mind and body.

Question 3

Descartes

Answer 3

(dualism) the mind is separate from, and controls, the body.

Question 4

Gilbert Ryle

Answer 4

argued that all mental activity is simply the result of the physical activity of the brain. scientific materialism.

Question 5

Hobbes

Answer 5

the mind is a function of the physical brain. the mind and body aren’t different things at all.

Question 6

Paul Broca

Answer 6

patient Leborgna suffered damage to a small part of the left side of the brain. virtually unable to speak, but understood everything and used gestures. damage to a specific part of the brain impaired a specific psychological function, demonstrating that our mental lives depend on the physical brain.

Question 7

Hermann von Heidelberg

Answer 7

physiologist who developed a method for measuring the speed of nerve impulses. gave participants a mild electric shock on different parts of their bodies and measured their reaction times. took longer for impulses to travel from the toe to the brain than from the thigh.

Question 8

Wundt

Answer 8

(structuralism) started the first laboratory for psychology to study consciousness. believed psychology should focus on analyzing consciousness. developed structuralism and used reactin times, but his primary research method involved introspection.

Question 9

James

Answer 9

(evolution and functionalism) behavior and mental processes must also serve as an adaptive purpose. ultimate function of all psychological processes must be to help people survive and reproduce.

Question 10

James vs Wundt

Answer 10

James agreed with Wundt on the importance of immediate experience and the usefulness of introspection. Disagreed on the claim the consciousness could be broken down into separate elements. Also was asking what conscious was made of rather than what it was for.

Question 11

Darwin

Answer 11

(evolution and functionalism) physical structures are the result of advantageous variations that improve reproductive fitness.

Question 12

Jean Martin Charcot

Answer 12

studied patients with hysteria. discovered that when these patients were put into a trance like state by using hypnosis, their symptoms disappeared.

Question 13

Freud

Answer 13

(clinical) pioneered the psycho dynamic perspective. focused on unconscious drives. theorized that hysteria was caused by painful childhood experiences that the patient could not remember. suggested that these memories resided in the unconscious led to develope psychoanalytic theory which formed the basis for psychoanalysis. making unconscious material conscious was the key to psychoanalytic cure.

Question 14

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Answer 14

(clinical) developed humanistic psychology. focused on an individual’s need for safety, support, love, and fulfillment.

Question 15

humanistic psychologists

Answer 15

viewed people as free agents who have inherent need to develop, grow, and attain their full potential.

Question 16

humanistic therapists

Answer 16

called people clients instead and they were on equal footing.

Question 17

John Watson

Answer 17

(behaviorism) emphasized the study of observable behaviors and outcomes. believed the private experience could never be a proper object of scientific inquiry. made stimulus-response the building blocks of psychology (s-r psych).

Question 18

Pavlov

Answer 18

(behaviorism) pioneered the study of learning after his discovery of classical conditioning. studied digestion in dogs. tone = stimulus and salivation = response.

Question 19

B.F. Skinner

Answer 19

(behaviorism) made significant contributions to behaviorism and learning theory with myriad studies of animal behavior. built a conditioning chamber (Skinner Box) that had a lever and a food tray. claimed that our subjective sense of free will is an illusion and that we are actually responding to past and present patterns of reinforcement.

Question 20

Max Wertheimer

Answer 20

studied illusions. argued that during perception, the mind brings many disparate elements together and combines them into a unified whole called a gestalt in german.

Question 21

Gestalt physiologists

Answer 21

(cognitive) studied the processes of perception.

Question 22

Kurt Lewin

Answer 22

influenced by gestalt psychology and argued that the best way to predict a person’s behavior was not to understand the stimuli to which they were responding, but to understand their subjective interpretation or construal of those stimuli.

Question 23

Donald Broadbent

Answer 23

showed that the limited capacity to handle incoming information is a fundamental feature of human cognition and that this limit could explain why pilots, and other people, made many of their errors.

Question 24

George Miller

Answer 24

we can pay attention to and briefly hold in memory about seven pieces of information.

Question 25

Noam Chomsky

Answer 25

argued that language relies on mental rules that allow people to understand and produce novel words and sentences. children did not learn language by reinforcement like Skinner proposed.

Question 26

Karl Lashley

Answer 26

trained rats to run mazes. surgically removed parts of their brains and then measured how well they could run the maze again. not one part controlled learning. inspired physiological psychology.

Question 27

behavioral neuroscientists

Answer 27

observe aniamls’ responses as the animals perform specially constructed tasks. they can record electrical or chemical responses in the brain as the task is being performed, or they can remove parts of the brain to examine how performance is affected.

Question 28

Jean Piaget

Answer 28

(cognitive) studied the development of thought processes in children.

Question 29

John Garcia

Answer 29

showed rats associate nausea with the smell of food more quickly than with a flashing light. the rat’s ancestors’ learning histories also determined the rat’s ability to learn.

Question 30

American Psychological Association (APA)

Answer 30

created by James and six other pyschologists in 1892.

Question 31

Association for Psychological Science (APS)

Answer 31

founded in 1988 to focus specifically on the needs of research psychologists.

Question 32

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 32

became the first woman to serve as the president of the APA. claimed that the self is a single unit that cannot be broken down into individual parts.

Question 33

Kenneth Clark

Answer 33

studied the self-image of young African American children and argued that segreation of the races created great psychological harm. research contributed to Brown v. Board of Education, which outlawed segreation in public schools. first member of a minority group to become present of the APA in 1970.

Question 34

Francis Cecil Sumner

Answer 34

first African American to receive a PhD in psychology. interested in the education of African American youth.

Question 35

Louise Hay

Answer 35

wrote “You Can Heal Your Life.” Suggests that everything that happens to us is a result of the thoughts we choose to think.