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1
Q

Hippocrates

A

Developed naturalistic explanations of abnormal behavior and the medical model, believing that the health of the body and mind depended on the balance of humors or vital fluids. His theory suggested imbalances in blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile could cause different emotional or mental abnormal behaviors

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2
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Emil Kraepelin

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A medical doctor who first described schizophrenia (dementia praecox) and suggested it was due to biological imbalances in the brain

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3
Q

Jean-Martin Charcot

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Studied hysteria and used hypnosis to help patients, introducing the psychological model

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4
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Sigmund Freud

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Associated with the psychodynamic model, which focuses on unconscious conflicts, childhood experiences, and repressed emotions. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory posits that psychological problems stem from unconscious psychological conflicts traceable to childhood. Freud also created a structural hypothesis consisting of the id, ego, and superego

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5
Q

Pavlov and B.F. Skinner

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Key figures in behaviorism. Behavior is learned through reinforcement and punishment. The behaviorist approach emphasizes observable behavior

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6
Q

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow:

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Central to humanistic psychology, emphasizing self-actualization, personal growth, and achieving one’s potential

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7
Q

Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck

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Associated with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. Beck identified cognitive errors such as selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification, and absolutist thinking

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8
Q

Albert Bandura:

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His social-cognitive theory emphasizes the roles of thinking, cognition, and learning by observation or modeling in human behavior. Bandura used the term reciprocal determinism to describe how a person’s behavior both acts upon and is influenced by one’s personal and environmental factors

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9
Q

Heinz Kohut

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Shaped modern psychodynamic concepts and self psychology, focusing on the development of the narcissistic personality

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10
Q

Virginia Satir:

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Developed conjoint family therapy, which adopts a family system model

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11
Q

The physician who first argued that abnormal behaviour is rooted in diseases of the brain

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Wilhelm Griesinger

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12
Q

Eugen Bleuler

A

A Swiss psychiatrist who renamed dementia praecox schizophrenia in 1911 and focused on the splitting of brain functions that give rise to cognition, feelings, and behavior

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13
Q

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale:

A

This was one of the first intelligence tests, initially designed to identify children for special education programs. The original test calculated a mental age (MA), which represented a child’s overall level of intellectual functioning. An intelligence quotient (IQ) was then calculated using the formula: IQ = MA/CA × 100

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14
Q

Wechsler Scales:

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These scales include both verbal and performance subtests. Verbal subtests generally require knowledge of verbal concepts, while performance subtests rely more on spatial-relations skills. The Wechsler scales provide insight into a person’s relative strengths and weaknesses

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15
Q

Mental Disorders:

A

Mental disorders comprise a broad range of problems with different symptoms. They are generally characterized, however, by some combination of disturbed thoughts, emotions, behaviour and relationships with others. Examples are depression, anxiety, conduct disorders in children, bipolar disorders and schizophrenia.

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16
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Mental Health:

A

Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual can realize his or her potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and make a contribution to the community.

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17
Q

Abnormal Psychology:

A

The branch of the science of psychology that addresses the description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behaviour patterns. AKA The study of mental disorders.

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18
Q

In the 19th Century, the underlying premise that led to the development of the psychology
theory of abnormal behaviour was

A

organic factors alone could not explain abnormal behaviour

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19
Q

The Biological Perspective

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Mental disorders: diseases of the brain with underlying biological defects or abnormalities

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20
Q

Emil Kraepelin: 1883

A

Dementia Praecox:(now called schizophrenia) biochemical imbalance

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21
Q

Epigenetics:

A

the study of the heritable and acquired changes in gene

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22
Q

Classical psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

A

Gaining insight and resolving unconscious psychological conflicts

Lengthy, typically lasting several years

Free association; dream analysis; interpretation

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23
Q

Modern psychodynamic approaches

A

Focus on developing insight, but with greater emphasis on ego functioning, current interpersonal relationships, and adaptive behaviour than traditional psychoanalysis

Direct analysis of client’s defenses and transference relationships

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24
Q

Bhehaviour therapy

A

Directly changing problem behaviour through use of learning-based techniques

Systematic desensitization; gradual exposure; modeling;
reinforcement techniques

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25
Humanistic, client-centered therapy Carl Rogers
Self-acceptance and personal growth Use of reflection; creation of a warm, accepting therapeutic relationship
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Ellis's rational emotive behaviour therapy Albert Ellis
Replacing irrational beliefs with rational alternative beliefs; making adaptive behavioural changes Identifying and challenging irrational beliefs; behavioural homework assignments
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Beck's cognitive therapy Aaron Beck
Identifying and correcting distorted or self-defeating thoughts and beliefs; making adaptive behavioural changes
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Cognitive-behavioural therapy
Use of cognitive and behavioural techniques to change maladaptive behaviours and cognitions Combination of cognitive and behavioural techniques
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Beck's Four Cognitive Errors
Selective abstraction Overgeneralization Magnification Absolutist thinking
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Selective abstraction
People may selectively abstract (focus exclusively on) the parts of their experiences that reflect on their flaws and ignore evidence of their competencies.
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Overgeneralization
People may overgeneralize from a few isolated experiences. For example, they may see their futures as hopeless because they were laid off or believe they will never marry because they were rejected by a dating partner.
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Magnification
People may blow out of proportion or magnify the importance of unfortunate events. Students may catastrophize a bad test grade by jumping to the conclusion that they will flunk out of university and their lives will be ruined.
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Absolutist thinking
People see the world in black-and-white terms rather than in shades of grey. Absolutist thinkers may assume any grade less than a perfect "A" or a work evaluation less than a rave is a total failure.
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Early 1900s
Psychodyamic Sigmund Freud Unconscious conflicts, childhood experiences, and repressed emotions drive behavior.
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~1920s
Behaviourism Pavlov, BF Skinner Behavior is learned through reinforcement and punishment. Observable behavior is the focus.
36
~1940s
Humanistic Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow Emphasizes self-actualization, personal growth, and achieving one's potential.
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1960s
CBT Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck Focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
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Since then... MODERN
SocioCultural: Behavior is influenced by culture, social norms, and systemic factors. Interactionist: Human behavior arises from the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.
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Regulated professions:
Have regulatory bodies that manage registration and protect the public E.g., not just anybody can call themselves that title Psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers
40
Unregulated professions:
Anybody can call themselves this No need to meet certain criteria In Manitoba: psychotherapist, counsellors, school psychologists
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Downward Drift Hypothesis
Sociocultural theorists seek causes of abnormal behaviour that may reside in the failures of society rather than in the person
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Recipricol determinism Social-cognitive theory Albert Bandura
People affect their environments AND environments affect people
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Aaron Beck
Depression may result from “cognitive errors
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Albert Ellis Cognitive-Behavioural Perspectives
Irrational beliefs about unfortunate experiences fosters negative emotions and maladaptive behaviour Ellis was one of the originators of Cognitive- Behavioural Therapy ABC MODEL
45
James, a 21-year-old man experiencing psychosis, expresses a plan to hurt his mother. His psychiatrist admits him for treatment in a locked unit in a psychiatric ward. Which term best describes this situation?
civil commitment
46
Legal Commitment (Criminal Commitment)
This involves confining someone to a psychiatric institution because they were found "not criminally responsible" due to a mental disorder. It's an alternative to incarceration.
47
Civil Commitment (Psychiatric Commitment):
This is a legal process of placing someone in a psychiatric institution, even against their will, because they are mentally disordered and pose a threat to themselves or others. The goal is treatment and safety
48
Separation Anxiety Disorder:
This is a condition, often diagnosed in children, involving extreme anxiety about separation from caregivers
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Duty to Warn
This is the therapist's obligation to warn a third party if their client poses a threat to them. In Canada, the Canadian Psychological Association includes a duty to warn in their code of ethics.
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Aisha started avoiding public spaces after experiencing intense fear and discomfort during a crowded grocery store visit. She began relying on family for errands and stopped attending social gatherings, fearing she might feel trapped or overwhelmed.
Agoraphobia
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Agoraphobia
involves a fear of places and situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing. This aligns with Aisha's fear of feeling trapped or overwhelmed in public spaces People with agoraphobia may fear shopping in crowded stores Agoraphobia can lead to avoidance of social gatherings Relying on family members is characteristic of Agoraphobia The key is the feeling of being trapped
51
Social Anxiety Disorder
In social anxiety disorder, the primary fear is negative evaluation from others
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD):
GAD involves persistent feelings of anxiety that are not triggered by any specific object, situation, or activity. It is a generalized worry about everything
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Separation Anxiety Disorder:
This is characterized by extreme fears of separation from parents or caregivers
54
Psychodynamic Orientation:
From a psychodynamic perspective, Sarah's depression might be understood as rooted in unresolved childhood conflicts and unconscious patterns. Her perfectionism could stem from an internalized need to meet her parents ’ high expectations, leading to feelings of inadequacy when she perceives herself as failing. Her breakup may have triggered old feelings of abandonment or unmet emotional needs, further exacerbating her symptoms. Treatment might focus on exploring Sarah's past relationships and unconscious conflicts to uncover and work through the roots of her depression.
55
Behavioral Orientation:
Behaviorists might view Sarah's depression as a result of learned behaviors and reduced reinforcement. After her breakup, she disengaged from pleasurable activities and social connections, leading to a lack of positive reinforcement. Treatment would involve behavioral activation, encouraging Sarah to gradually reintroduce rewarding activities and build new routines to combat her withdrawal and improve her mood.
56
Humanistic Orientation:
From a humanistic perspective, Sarah's depression may reflect a disconnection from her authentic self and unmet needs for self- fulfillment. Her perfectionism and adherence to societal expectations may conflict with her intrinsic desires, leading to feelings of emptiness. Therapy would focus on fostering self-awareness, helping Sarah identify her core values, and supporting her in finding meaning and purpose in her life. The therapeutic relationship would emphasize empathy, unconditional positive regard, and encouragement for self-growth.
57
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Orientation
A CBT approach would examine Sarah's negative thought patterns and their role in maintaining her depression. Her thoughts of self-doubt, worthlessness, and failure likely contribute to her emotional distress and withdrawal behaviors. Treatment would involve identifying and challenging these cognitive distortions, such as "all-or-nothing thinking" or catastrophizing, and replacing them with more balanced, realistic thoughts. CBT might also include developing problem-solving skills and setting achievable goals to build Sarah’ s confidence and resilience.
58
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (O C D) Obsession
An intrusive, unwanted, and recurrent thought, image, or urge that seems beyond a person’s ability to control
59
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (O C D) Compulsion
Repetitive behaviour or mental act that a person feels compelled or driven to perform and often occur in response to obsessional thoughts
60
The physician who first argued that abnormal behaviour is rooted in diseases of the brain was
Wilhelm Griesinger
61
Anxiety sensitivity refers to
fear of fear
62
Which of the following type of attributions are depressed people NOT likely to make for their own negative behaviour?
External
63
Reformulated Helplessness Theory
This theory suggests that people who explain the causes of negative events using internal, global, and stable attributions are most vulnerable to depression Internal attributions: lead to low self-esteem Global attributions: can lead to feelings of helplessness Stable attributions: contribute to the chronicity of helplessness and can lead to hopelessness
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External attribution:
Would be placing the blame elsewhere, as in “the environment made me do it”
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People with depression are more likely to attribute the causes of failures to internal, stable, and global factors
Therefore, depressed individuals are more prone to blaming themselves (internal), seeing the problem as widespread (global), and believing it's unchangeable (stable), rather than attributing negative events to external circumstances
66
Which of the following is NOT likely to be apart of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for depression? a. Behavioural Activation b. Thought records c. Exploring unconscious feelings of anger towards oneself d. Cognitive restructuring
Exploring unconscious feelings of anger towards oneself
67
CBT techniques include:
◦ Behavioral activation: Encouraging patients to increase their frequency of rewarding or enjoyable activities Thought records: Clients monitor their automatic negative thoughts and the circumstances in which they occur Cognitive restructuring: Challenging the validity of disruptive thoughts and replacing them with more adaptive ones
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Anger turned inward
psychodynamic perspective on depression. This viewpoint suggests that depression arises when anger is directed towards oneself rather than towards the significant others
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Bipolar Disorder
In the psychodynamic framework, a depressive episode is when the superego is dominant, but in a manic episode, the ego rebounds
70
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT):
Though IPT acknowledges the influence of early life experiences, it primarily focuses on present interpersonal relationships and resolving current issues.
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What symptoms of mania did you observe?
DIG FAST
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Humanistic Approaches Anxiety
conflict between your true self and who you think you should be Treatment= get in touch with and express true emotions and self
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◦ Fear-Stimulus Hierarchy:
Develop a hierarchy of increasingly anxiety-provoking situations related to elevators. This is a step-by-step procedure
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Gradual Exposure:
Systematically expose Anna to each step in the hierarchy. She should only progress to the next step when she feels comfortable and experiences reduced anxiety in the current step
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Systematic Desensitization:
Pair exposure with relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation
76
Case Study 1 Sarah, 32, experienced frequent blackouts and drastic personality shifts. At times, she behaved like a timid child, while other times, she became aggressive or overly nurturing. Friends and family noticed these changes, but she had no memory of them. Over time, she discovered journals and belongings she didn’t recognize. Therapy revealed a history of severe childhood trauma, which seemed to be linked to her experiences.
Most Likely Diagnosis: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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Case Study 2 Emma, 26, felt as though she was detached from her body, watching herself from the outside. Her surroundings often seemed unreal, like a dream or a movie. The episodes started after she witnessed a violent assault and became more frequent during times of stress. She struggled to connect with others, fearing she was losing her mind. Despite knowing the world around her was real, she couldn’t shake the sense of detachment.
Most Likely Diagnosis: Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
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Case Study 3 Mark, 40, was found in a distant city with no identification and no memory of who he was. Authorities discovered he had been reported missing two months earlier. Before his disappearance, he had lost his wife and child in a tragic accident. Despite remembering general knowledge and skills, he could not recall personal details or recognize loved ones. His memory loss appeared to be connected to the overwhelming emotional distress he had experienced.
Most Likely Diagnosis: Dissociative Amnesia
79
Rachel, 29, frequently experienced severe stomach pain, fatigue, and dizziness, despite multiple medical tests showing no clear cause. She visited numerous doctors, convinced something was being overlooked. Her symptoms worsened under stress, and she spent hours researching illnesses, feeling frustrated when doctors suggested anxiety might play a role. Friends and family noticed how much of her life revolved around health concerns, but to Rachel, the pain was very real and deeply distressing.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
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Illness Anxiety Disorder:
In somatic symptom disorder, the person actually has physical symptoms that are distressing and result in significant disruption to daily life, unlike illness anxiety disorder where there are mild symptoms if any
81
Functional Neurological Disorder:
Somatic Symptom Disorder is different from Functional Neurological Disorder, previously called conversion disorder, where symptoms involve altered motor or sensory function
82
Factitious Disorder:
Somatic Symptom Disorder differs from factitious disorder, where a person intentionally fakes symptoms for no apparent gain
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Abnormal PSYC (5 decks)

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