People Flashcards

Question

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 1

Aristotelian Synthesis—1225-1274; Dominican student of Albertus Magnus; Paris mainly • 1st storey: philosophy/nature = foundation; 2nd storey: theology = completes; • no contradiction between philosophy and theology • Summa Theologica: using Aristotelian synth; scholastic methodology (contrary phil args/fathers/bible; pro phil args/fathers/bible; reply =’s synthesis & answer) • Expounded transubstantiation; phil theory to explain decree of 4th Lateran Council in 1215

Answer 2

English (pre)Reformer, “Morning Star of Reformation”—1330-1384; Oxford theologian/philosopher • Script is final authority; has all needed for salvation; all should read it (The Truth of Holy Script); translated Latin bible into English • Three key places of doctrinal revision: final authority of the Scriptures (so all should read them), the power of the pope, and transubstantiation. • Opposed papal abuses, transubstantiation; followers were the Lollards in England

Answer 3

Czech (pre)Reformer—1372-1415 (martyred) • Likeminded with Wycliffe re: the invisible elect nature of “true church” vs. outward organization. • Preached reform in Bohemia & Prague. • Foundations for the Moravian Church under Zinzendorf • Eventually excommunicated (1415) • arrested and burnt at stake, despite assurances of safe passage from Rome

Answer 4

English (pre)Reformer, Father of the English Bible—1490’s-1536 (martyred); Oxford/Cambridge educated • First translation of bible from Grk/Heb into English; 90% of his words passed into KJV; 75% in RSV • Translated in Germany, finished 1525 • Sold out by a friend and martyred in Antwerp (had been living on Continent); • Cranmer/Henry VIII adopted much of Tyndale’s work an allowed Eng. Bible to be published.

Answer 5

Here I Stand—b. 1483; 1517-95 thesis; 1521-Worms, 1525-marries Katherine von Bora, d.1546 • Augustinian monk (educated in scholastic thought); • 1517, Sparked reformation with posting of 95 theses on church door in Wittenberg • 1520, Excommunicated; • 1521, Charles V at the Diet of Worms asked him to recant, replied: “Here I stand, I can do no other” • Justification is righteousness, a gift given by God to believers by grace alone through faith; great breach of the Reformation • 1525, Bondage of the Will (against Erasmus); • 1529, Marburg Colloquy (against Zwingli, agree on 14 of 15 points, disagree on spiritual presence)

Answer 6

Teacher of Germany—1497-1560; Tubingen/Heidelberg ed.; faculty @ Wittenberg • Humanist, influenced by Erasmus • No. 2 man to Luther; teacher, supporter, very different temperament • Common Places was his important work, 1521, 1535, 1555 • Authored Augsburg Confession, 1530 (scrpt basis); Formula of Concord, 1577 • favored Reformed rather than Lutheran view of communion reversed in Formula of Concord (1577) • Creeds of the Lutheran church: Augsburg Confession, 1531; Formula of Concord, 1577; Apology

Answer 7

The Swiss Reformer/1st Reformed Theologian—1484-1531(on battlefield); Zurich reform • Bringing reform to Zurich. Came independently and through different means (Aquinas/humanism) • Led reformation in Zurich; biblical exposition, ultimate authority of scripture, no mass etc. which lead to civil war in Switz (some cantons protest others catholic) • Practiced lectio continua • Argued for Paedo-baptism(but not regenerative; sign of covenant, of our faith) • LS: rejects consubstantiation for memorialist view; Calvin builds upon.

Answer 8

Protestant Systematic Theologian—b.1509; 1530-conversion; 1536-1st ed. Inst;; 1542 Gen return; d.1564 • Leading scholar, exegete, theologian of reformation; basis for “reformed” branch is Calvin. • Fled France under persecution, initial work in Geneva, expelled to Basel, returns • 1538-41 Geneva exile (in Strassburg, married Idelette) • Wrote Institutes as short intro and expanded; very whole-personed, finished 1559 • Concerned for truth and discipline; also a man committed to mission, sending many pastors to France. • Institutes and Commentaries are complementary - Four-fold office: pastors, doctors, elders, deacons

Answer 9

Thundering Scot/Scot Reformer—1513-1572; priest, turned reformer, exile • Convert to Protestantism under influence of George Wishart; • worked for reform but had to flee to continent in 1553 under “Bloody Mary” • Exile to Geneva, while there encounter Calvin’s Geneva (“most perfect school of Christ”) • Returned in 1559 under Elizabeth to lead reformation of Scottish church (church with Christ’s face; not an English face). • Returned to Scotland in 1559, helped draft Book of Discipline (1561) and Book of Common Order (1564). Helped draw up the Scots Confession (1560). • Followed by Andrew Melville in the Church of Scotland, learned man in languages, schools, etc.

Answer 10

Questioning Election—(pre)1560-1609; Dutch pastor/theologian; professor at Leiden 1602 • After studying under Theodore Beza (student of Calvin) election to defend it, decided that grace allows humans rather to accept/reject God; salvation is possible, not secured. • Election is based on God’s “foreknowledge” of who will choose to accept him. • Followers wrote, Remonstrance in 1610; Synod of Dordt responded in 1618-1619 with Canons of Dordt from where we get TULIP; • “Arminian” theology comes from Remonstrance movement

Answer 11

4 Point Calvinism—1596-1664; teacher and his followers * “modified” view of Calvinism which seeks to reconcile particular/unconditional decree with universal/conditional decree. * Rejected limited atonement, but held to other 4 points; now often seen as 3 point Calvinism. * R. Baxter (reformed, Puritan Pastor) liked it; * Turretin, Hodge, Warfield reject it as inconsistent or unstable Calvinism.

Answer 12

The Reformed Pastor—1615-1691 English Puritan pastor; • The Reformed Pastor as puritan guide to pastoral care • Involved in “nonconformist” controversies in England • Held to Amyrauldian view of Calvinism, weak Calvinism

Answer 13

Moravian Church Founder—1700-1760 Lutheran Pietist; nobility; social reformer • Built Moravian Church on history from Jan Hus • Godson of Spener (leader of the pietistic German Lutheran movement) • Outworking of Lutheran pietism in creating a place for Moravian refugees and founding of Hernnut Community on his estate.

Answer 14

Revivalist Preacher, Pastor and Philosopher—1703-1758; Yale educated; cong. pastor, theologian • Preacher during 1st Grt Awakening (1735-43); both pro/con regarding revival • Wrote: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, • Wrote Religious Affections in response; + evidence of change/grace; --pure emotionalism with no change. • Unique brand of “reformed” theology; • Anti-Arminian, but…eventually opened door to Taylor’s New Haven (New School) theology of Edward’s son/Taylor/Finney re: human will/freedom • President of Princeton for a year

Answer 15

English Puritan Evangelist—1714-1770 • Major evangelist of the 1st Great Awakening (Great Britain and Colonies), one of the greatest protestant evangelists ever; • Regular preaching tours of Wales, Scotland and 7 trips to American colonies. • Known for his outdoor preaching and strongly reformed doctrine (caused a split with the Wesleys whom he had partnered with for the Oxford “holy club”)

Answer 16

Father of Methodism—1703-1791; Oxford educated, English evangelist • Co-founder of “holy club” movement at Oxford 1720’s; • converted after life in ministry with assurance of salvation, • drawn to the discipline of the Moravians in England • 1738, Describes the Aldersgate experience, “heart strangely warmed” during the preaching of Romans • Open air preaching and circuit riding: Rode up to 5,000 miles a year as evangelist; • known for many famous hymns

Answer 17

Father of Modern Missions—1761-1834 informally trained advocate for missions • Called to lead Baptist Missionary Society in 1792 • Missionary to India w. pioneering techniques: contextualization, bible translation, striving towards indigenous leadership etc.

Answer 18

Defender of Historical Calvinism—1797-1878, American Old School Presbyterian • Professor at Princeton Seminary • Student of Archibald Alexander at Princeton Seminary; holds to Old School Theology • Leading Princeton theologian in mid-1800’s America; known for defense of historical reformed faith, 3 volume ST, and theological method. • Held confessional standards in face of rising liberalism, but did little to constructively engage divergent theologies. • Followed by A.A. Hodge and B.B. Warfield

Answer 19

Father of American Revivalism—1792-1875; pastor, evangelist, theologian • Chief evangelist of 2nd Great Awakening; New Haven theology proponent • Known for “New Measures” anxious bench tactics; • Follows New Haven Theology (Taylor); denies original sin, emphasizes free will, and teaches moral government theory. • Lectures on Religious Revivals (1835) and Lectures on Systematic Theology (1846-1847).

Answer 20

Man of Faith—1805-1898 German Brethren living in England (Bristol) • Founder of orphanages in Bristol which cared for working class orphans and ministered to significant social needs in Victorian/Industrial Rev. • Known for “ruthless” trust in God to provide for needs; did not fundraise; e.g. of sitting down to say thanks for meal before meal had yet been provided. • Part of care during Victorian/Industrial Revolution

Answer 21

The Prince of Preachers—1834-1892; hugely popular English Baptist pastor • Considered by may “the last great English puritan”; • strong Calvinist theologically, often involved in Baptist controversies; • pastor of 1st “mega-church” (Metropolitan Tabernacle) • Widely read and very expositional; warm and stirring; • often suffered from dark moods and sense of isolation, “fainting fits”

Answer 22

Defending the Infallible Bible—1851-1921; 2nd generation successor to Hodge; American Old School Presby • Professor at Princeton Seminary • Best know for his exposition and defense of the infallibility of scripture (verbal inspiration) in the face of higher criticism and rising liberalism. • Extremely able intellectually and his work became the touch stone of orthodoxy for the fundamentalist/modernist controversies to come in 20th century. • Represents best blend of scholarship/conservatism. - Wrote Counterfeit Miracles and The Person and Work of Christ

Answer 23

Son of American Revivalism—1837-1899; semi-educated preacher/evangelist • Known for well organized “campaigns” for evangelism/revival; teamed with Sankey; visit British Isles often • Methods included volunteerism and lay organization. • “Ruined by Sin, Redemption by Christ, Regeneration by the Spirit.” • He was Arminian, premilliennial, and a preacher of holiness. • Significant ministry to inner city; founded MBI; theologically incoherent.

Answer 24

- English Reformer 16th Century - Archbishop of Canterbery - Wrote the book of common prayer - Executed by Mary I - the 39 Articles is derived from his work

Answer 25

- English Statesmen and Reformer 16th Century - Helped start the English Reformation - Executed by Henry VIII in 1540

Answer 26

- 16th Century - Convinced Calvin to stay in Geneva in 1536 - Was kicked out of Geneva with Calvin in 1538 - Persuaded Calvin to return to Geneva in 1541